Este dios llamado Opuchtli le contaban con los dioses que se llamaban tlaloques, que quiere decir “habitadores del paraíso terrenal", aunque sabían que era puro hombre. Atribuían a este dios la invención de las redes para pescar peces, y también un instrumento para matar peces que le llaman minacachalli, que es como fisga, aunque no tiene sino tres puntas en triángulo, como tridente, con que hiere a los peces; y también con él matan aves. También éste inventó los lazos para matar las aves y los remos para remar.
\nCuando hacían fiesta a este dios los pescadores y gente del agua que tienen sus granjerías en las aguas, al cual tenían por dios, ofrecíanle cosas de comer y vino de lo que ellos usaban, que se llama uctli, y por otro nombre se llama pulcre. También le ofrecían cañas de maíz verdes, y flores y cañas de humo que llaman yietl, y encienso blanco que llaman copalli, y una yerba olorosa que se llama yiauhtli sembraban delante dél, como cuando echan juncos cuando se hace procesión. Usaban también en esta solennidad de unas sonajas que iban en unos báculos huecos, que sonaban como cascabeles, o casi. Sembraban también delante dél un maíz tostado que llaman mumúchitl, que es una manera de maíz que cuando se tuesta revienta y descubre el meollo, y se hace como una flor muy blanca. Decían que éstos eran granizos, los cuales son atribuidos a los dioses del agua. Los viejos sátrapas que tenían cargo deste dios, y las viejas, decíanle los cantares de su loor.
\nLa imagen deste dios es un hombre desnudo y teñido de negro todo, y la cara pardilla, tirante a las plumas de la codorniz. Tenía una corona de papel de diversas colores, compuesta a manera de rosa, que las unas hojas sobrepujan a las otras, y encima tenía un penacho de plumas verdes que salían de una borla amarilla. Colgaban desta corona unas borlas largas, hacia las espaldas. Tenía una estola verde cruzada, a manera de las que se ponen los sacerdotes cuando dicen misa. Tenía ceñido unos papeles verdes que le colgaban hasta las rodillas. Tenía unas cotaras o sandalias blancas. Tenía en la mano izquierda una rodela tenida de colorado, y en el medio de este campo una flor blanca con cuatro hojas a manera de cruz, y de los espacios de las hojas salían cuatro puntas que eran tam[bién]
\n","citation_key":"citation_lopez_spanish_transcription","citation":{"en":["Spanish by López Austin & García Quintana 2000"],"es":["Español por López Austin & García Quintana 2000"]}},{"id":"8df7aa61-b3cb-4464-bd69-11dd50c4276d","choice":{"en":["Spanish-to-English by García Garagarza 2023"],"es":["Español-al-inglés por García Garagarza 2023"]},"type":"translation","type_label":{"en":["spanish translation"],"es":["traducción al español"]},"column":"spanish","language":{"en":["English"],"es":["Inglés"]},"language_code":"eng","subtitle":"(García Garagarza 2023)","markdown":"#### Chapter seventeen tells of the god named Opochtli, who was esteemed and worshiped in this New Spain\n\nThey counted this god called Opochtli among the gods called Tlaloques, which means “inhabitants of the earthly paradise,” even though they knew that he was just a man. They attributed to this god the invention of fishing nets, as well as an instrument for killing fish that they call _minacachalli_, which is like a harpoon—even though it only has three points as a triangle, like a trident—with which they wound the fish. They also kill birds with it. This [god] invented lassos to kill birds and oars for rowing.\n\nWhen the fishermen and the water folk who make their livelihood in the waters celebrated this god’s festival, they would offer things to eat and the wine that they used to drink, called _octli_—otherwise known as pulque—to the one whom they held as their god. They would also offer him green stalks of maize, flowers, smoking reeds that they call _yetl_, and white incense that they call _copalli_, And they scattered before him a fragrant herb called _iyauhtli_, just like when they spread reeds [on the ground] during a procession. On this solemn occasion, they would also use some rattles that went inside some hollow staffs, which sounded almost like bells. They also scattered before him a toasted maize that they call _momochitl_, which is a type of maize that bursts and shows the kernel when it is toasted, becoming like a very white flower. They said that these were hailstones, which are attributed to the gods of water. The older satraps who were in charge of this god, as well as the older women, would sing his songs of praise. \n\nThe image of this god is that of a naked man dyed completely black, with a tawny face, rather like the color of quail feathers. He wore a paper crown of different colors, arranged like a rose, so that some leaves were overlapping the others. On top of this, he wore a headdress made of green feathers that came out of a yellow tassel. Some long tassels hung from this crown, going down toward his back. He wore a green stole, crossed in the manner of those worn by priests when they say Mass. He had some green papers fastened around him, which hung down to his knees. He had some white shoes, or sandals. In his left hand, he held a round shield that was dyed red and that had, in the center of this field, a white flower with four leaves in the shape of a cross; and, in the spaces between the leaves, there protruded four points that were also","html":"They counted this god called Opochtli among the gods called Tlaloques, which means “inhabitants of the earthly paradise,” even though they knew that he was just a man. They attributed to this god the invention of fishing nets, as well as an instrument for killing fish that they call minacachalli, which is like a harpoon—even though it only has three points as a triangle, like a trident—with which they wound the fish. They also kill birds with it. This [god] invented lassos to kill birds and oars for rowing.
\nWhen the fishermen and the water folk who make their livelihood in the waters celebrated this god’s festival, they would offer things to eat and the wine that they used to drink, called octli—otherwise known as pulque—to the one whom they held as their god. They would also offer him green stalks of maize, flowers, smoking reeds that they call yetl, and white incense that they call copalli, And they scattered before him a fragrant herb called iyauhtli, just like when they spread reeds [on the ground] during a procession. On this solemn occasion, they would also use some rattles that went inside some hollow staffs, which sounded almost like bells. They also scattered before him a toasted maize that they call momochitl, which is a type of maize that bursts and shows the kernel when it is toasted, becoming like a very white flower. They said that these were hailstones, which are attributed to the gods of water. The older satraps who were in charge of this god, as well as the older women, would sing his songs of praise.
\nThe image of this god is that of a naked man dyed completely black, with a tawny face, rather like the color of quail feathers. He wore a paper crown of different colors, arranged like a rose, so that some leaves were overlapping the others. On top of this, he wore a headdress made of green feathers that came out of a yellow tassel. Some long tassels hung from this crown, going down toward his back. He wore a green stole, crossed in the manner of those worn by priests when they say Mass. He had some green papers fastened around him, which hung down to his knees. He had some white shoes, or sandals. In his left hand, he held a round shield that was dyed red and that had, in the center of this field, a white flower with four leaves in the shape of a cross; and, in the spaces between the leaves, there protruded four points that were also
\n","citation_key":"citation_garagarza","citation":{"en":["Spanish-to-English by García Garagarza 2023"],"es":["Español-al-inglés por García Garagarza 2023"]}}],"nahuatl_col":[{"id":"bd3c88d9-c609-4682-b036-1b52f23a91f3","choice":{"en":["Nahuatl by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]},"type":"transcription","type_label":{"en":["nahuatl transcription"],"es":["transcripción al náhuatl"]},"column":"nahuatl","language":{"en":["Nahuatl"],"es":["Náhuatl"]},"language_code":"nci","subtitle":"(Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982)","markdown":"Inin opuchtli, ipan mixeoaia, tlaloc: atlaca inteuh catca, qujmoteutiaia. \n\nJuh qujtoaia, ca iehoatl itlatzintil, ytlanextil, qujnexti, qujteittiti in matlatl, yn atlatl, yn mjnacachalli, yn avictli, tzonvaztli. \n\nAuh yn iquac ilhujqujxtililoia, atl, tlaqualli, vctli, in ventli muchioaia: yoan cintopilli, xuchitl, yietl, copalli, yiauhtli, qujtepeviliaia, ic qujnanamiquja: chicaoaztli concacalachiliaia mumuchitl qujchaiaviliaia: iuhqujn tecivitl povia: no yoã qujcujcatiaia, yn iveveiooan, yn jlamaiooan, calpoleque. \n\nJn jnechichioal catca: amacale, tlaôçalli, tlaolaltilli, aztatzone, quetzalmjiaoaio, amamaxtle, amaneapanale, tonaloio.\n\n#### Jnic caxtolli vmey, capitulo, ytechpa tlatoa, in teutl: yn itoca, xipe totec.","html":"Inin opuchtli, ipan mixeoaia, tlaloc: atlaca inteuh catca, qujmoteutiaia.
\nJuh qujtoaia, ca iehoatl itlatzintil, ytlanextil, qujnexti, qujteittiti in matlatl, yn atlatl, yn mjnacachalli, yn avictli, tzonvaztli.
\nAuh yn iquac ilhujqujxtililoia, atl, tlaqualli, vctli, in ventli muchioaia: yoan cintopilli, xuchitl, yietl, copalli, yiauhtli, qujtepeviliaia, ic qujnanamiquja: chicaoaztli concacalachiliaia mumuchitl qujchaiaviliaia: iuhqujn tecivitl povia: no yoã qujcujcatiaia, yn iveveiooan, yn jlamaiooan, calpoleque.
\nJn jnechichioal catca: amacale, tlaôçalli, tlaolaltilli, aztatzone, quetzalmjiaoaio, amamaxtle, amaneapanale, tonaloio.
\nThis Opochtli was an aspect of Tlaloc. He was the god of the water folk; they worshipped him.
\nThey said that he invented, he revealed, the net, the atlatl, the trident,1 the pole for propelling boats, the bird snare—these were his innovations, his inventions.
\nAnd when his feast day was celebrated the offering became drink, food, wine, and the cane of maize plants, flowers, tobacco, incense, sweet-smelling herbs. These they spread before him, thus welcoming him. They shook the rattle-boards for him. They strewed popcorn for him which represented hailstones. And also his old men, his old women, the elders of the calpulli, made music for him.
\nHis array was [thus]: he wore a paper crown. He was covered with black unguent—a liquid rubber covering. He had a heron-feather headdress with a spray of quetzal feathers. He wore a paper breech-clout. He had a paper shoulder-sash with the sun-emblem.
\n“…un dardo de tres puntas que se llama minacachalli” (Sahagún, op. cit., Vol. III, p. 242). The corresponding Spanish text on Opochtli contains the same information. ”…es como fisga, aunque no tiene, sino tres puntas, [marginal insertion, partly missing: (o?) triangulo (co?)mo tridente] con que hiere, a los peces; y tambien cõ el matan aues.”↩
Seler (Tonalamatl of the Aubin Collection, p. 103) cites Herrera (Hist. gen., Lib. III, cap. 15) to indicate that Xipe enjoyed special honor in the Teotitlan district. A clear discussion of the ”yopimes y tlapanecos” is given in Sahagún, op. cit., Vol. III, p. 205.↩