o vender. Son estos mercaderes sufridores de muchos trabajos, y osados para entrar en todas las tierras aunque sean las tierras de enemigos, y muy astutos para tratar con los estraños, así deprendiendo sus lenguas como tratando con ellos con benivolencia para atraerlos a su familiaridad. Éstos descubren dónde hay las plumas preciosas y las piedras preciosas y el oro, y las compran y las llevan a vender donde saben que han de valer mucho. También éstos descubren a dónde hay pellejos de animales esquisitos y preciosos, y los venden donde valen mucho. Tratan también en vasos preciosos, hechos de diversas maneras y pintados con diversas figuras, según que en diversas tierras se usan, unos con tapaderos hechos de conchas de tortugas, y cucharas de lo mismo para revolver el cacao; otros con tapaderos muy pintados de diversas colores, y figuras hechas a manera de una hoja de un árbol, y otros palos preciosos para revolver el cacao.
\nSi han de entrar en tierra de guerra, primero deprenden el lenguaje de aquella gente, y toman el traje della para que no parezcan que son estranjeros, sino que son naturales.
\nAcontecía muchas veces que los enemigos los conocían y los prendían y mataban. Y si uno o dos o más se podían escapar, iban a dar mandado al señor principal de la tierra, como Motecuzuma o otros de sus antecesores, y llevaban algunas de aquellas riquezas que habían en aquella tierra, y presentábanlas al señor, y contábanle lo que habían pasado, y dábanle la relación de la tierra, que habían visto. El señor, en remuneración de sus trabajos, para que fuese honrado en el pueblo y tenido por vali[ente]
\n","citation_key":"citation_lopez_spanish_transcription","citation":{"en":["Spanish by López Austin & García Quintana 2000"],"es":["Español por López Austin & García Quintana 2000"]}},{"id":"113d1a5d-ff2f-44ac-9b45-bcb8d07f8f9e","choice":{"en":["Spanish-to-English by García Garagarza 2023"],"es":["Español-al-inglés por García Garagarza 2023"]},"type":"translation","type_label":{"en":["spanish translation"],"es":["traducción al español"]},"column":"spanish","language":{"en":["English"],"es":["Inglés"]},"language_code":"eng","subtitle":"(García Garagarza 2023)","markdown":"whatever precious or profitable [things] there may be there to buy or sell. These merchants suffer many hardships, and they are daring enough to go into every land—even if it is enemy territory. And they are very astute in dealing with strangers, both by learning their languages and by dealing kindly with them in order to gain their confidence. These [merchants] discover [the places] where there are precious feathers, precious stones, and gold; they buy these and take them to be sold where they know they would be worth a great deal. These [merchants] also discover [the places] where there are pelts of exquisite and precious animals, in order to sell them where they are worth a great deal. They also deal in precious vases, made in various styles and painted with various figures, according to the styles of different lands: some with lids made of turtle shells and with spoons made of the same [material], used to stir cacao [chocolate];[^37] others with lids finely painted with various colors and with figures fashioned like a tree leaf, as well as other precious sticks used to stir cacao.\n\nIf they have to enter a territory that is at war [with their own], they first learn the language of that people and adopt their style of dress so as to look not like foreigners but, rather, like natives [of that land].\n\nIt often happened that the enemies would find them out and capture and kill them. And if one or two or more of them managed to escape, they would go to notify the head lord of the land, such as Moteuczoma or one of his predecessors. And they would bring some of the riches that came from that land and present them to the lord, telling him what had happened. And they would give him an account of the land that they had seen. The lord, as a reward for his hardships[^38] and in order for him to be honored by the people and to be considered a brave\n\n\n[^37]: _Cacao_ is the Spanish form of the Nahuatl word _cacahuatl_. The word _cacao_ has been incorporated into many other languages, including English.\n\n[^38]: That is, of the surviving leader of the merchants who had escaped the enemies.","html":"whatever precious or profitable [things] there may be there to buy or sell. These merchants suffer many hardships, and they are daring enough to go into every land—even if it is enemy territory. And they are very astute in dealing with strangers, both by learning their languages and by dealing kindly with them in order to gain their confidence. These [merchants] discover [the places] where there are precious feathers, precious stones, and gold; they buy these and take them to be sold where they know they would be worth a great deal. These [merchants] also discover [the places] where there are pelts of exquisite and precious animals, in order to sell them where they are worth a great deal. They also deal in precious vases, made in various styles and painted with various figures, according to the styles of different lands: some with lids made of turtle shells and with spoons made of the same [material], used to stir cacao [chocolate];1 others with lids finely painted with various colors and with figures fashioned like a tree leaf, as well as other precious sticks used to stir cacao.
\nIf they have to enter a territory that is at war [with their own], they first learn the language of that people and adopt their style of dress so as to look not like foreigners but, rather, like natives [of that land].
\nIt often happened that the enemies would find them out and capture and kill them. And if one or two or more of them managed to escape, they would go to notify the head lord of the land, such as Moteuczoma or one of his predecessors. And they would bring some of the riches that came from that land and present them to the lord, telling him what had happened. And they would give him an account of the land that they had seen. The lord, as a reward for his hardships2 and in order for him to be honored by the people and to be considered a brave
\n[mo]quequetza:
\nvel qujciiavj vel qujhiiouja, ynic qujtemoa in chalchiujtl, in quetzalitztli, in teuxiujtl, yn apoçonalli, in teucujtlatl: in nepapan ihujtl, in quetzalli, in tzinjtzcan, in tlauhquechol, xiuhtototl, in toztli, çaqua: quauhtli, in tequaneoatl, yn ocelupetlatl. Auh in tecomatl, in poctecomatl, in aiutectli, in aquaujtl, yn atzaccaiutl:
\nintlanel iautitlan, in tzacuj, in tzacutica, tetlan onnemj, vel calaquj, motlacacuepa in nechichioaliztica, in nexintica, in tlatoltica qujntlaehecalhuja in chaneque.
\nAuh intla otlaneçomaltique, intla oittoque: vncan qujnpoiomjctia, qujnchillatilia: ça aca, aço ce, aço vme, yn oc nē tematitlanpa qujça, iehoatl qujoalnonotzaia in motecuçuma: ic vncan qujmaca, caqujlia, yapoçonaltenteuh, yc qujmaviziotia, ic qujnezcaiotia, in tiiacauh, vncan ic oqujchtia.
\nAuh yn jquac oalacia, ynchan: yn jmiloch, ynnecuepal oqujchiuhque, yn otlal[techacico,]
\n","citation_key":"citation_anderson_nahuatl_transcription","citation":{"en":["Nahuatl by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]}},{"id":"fdce09c2-9633-40b2-b9cf-20d6547aefa3","choice":{"en":["Nahuatl-to-English by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl-al-inglés por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]},"type":"translation","type_label":{"en":["nahuatl translation"],"es":["traducción al náhuatl"]},"column":"nahuatl","language":{"en":["English"],"es":["Inglés"]},"language_code":"eng","subtitle":"(Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982)","markdown":"to go here and there.\n\nGreatly were they wearied, much did they suffer to seek out the precious green stones, emerald-green jade,[^124] fine turquoise,[^125] amber, gold; [and] all manner of feathers: the long tail feathers of the resplendent trogon,[^126] its red breast feathers,[^127] those of the roseate spoonbill,[^128] the lovely cotinga,[^129] he yellow headed parrot,[^130] the troupial,[^131] the eagle;[^132] and the skins of fierce animals, rugs of ocelot skins, and gourd bowls, incense bowls, tortoise-shell cups, spoons for stirring cacao, stoppers for jars. \n\nIn case they were besieged,[^133] enclosed, in enemy lands, living among others, having penetrated well within, they became like their enemies. In their array, their hairdress, their speech,[^134] they imitated the natives. \n\nAnd if they came to an evil pass, if they were discovered, then [the foe] slew them in ambush; they served them up with chili sauce.[^135] [But if] anyone—perhaps one, perhaps two—escaped from enemy hands, he went to inform Moctezuma, wherefore he then gave him, he let him insert his amber lip plug. Thereby he did him honor, he singled him out as a valiant warrior. Thus he made him a man of consequence. \n\nAnd when they reached their homes, when they had accomplished their return, their \n\n\n\n\n[^124]: Cf. William F. Foshag: “Mineralogical Studies in Guatemalan Jade,” *Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,* Vol. 135, No. 5 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1957), p. 8.\n\n[^125]: “Teoxíhuitl, *quiere decir turquesa de los dioses … es turquesa fina, y sin ninguna mácula y muy lucida”* (Sahagún, *op. cit.,* Vol. III, p. 334).\n\n[^126]: *”Las plumas que cría en la cola se llaman* quezalli (y) *son muy verdes y resplandecientes, son anchas, como unas hojas de espadaña dobléganse cuando las toca el aire (y) resplandecen muy hermosamente” (ibid.,* p. 234).\n\n[^127]: *”El tocado que tiene en la cabeza esta ave* [quetzaltototl] *es muy hermosa y resplandeciente, llaman a estas plumas* tzinitzcan; *tiene esta ave el cuello y el pecho colorado y resplandeciente; es preciosa esta pluma y llámanla* tzinitzcan” (*loc. cit.*). There also is a bird by that name: *”Hay una ave en esta tierra que se llama* tzinitzcan… *las plumas preciosas que tiene críalas en el pecho y en los sobacos, y debajo de las alas; son la mitad prietas y la mitad verdes resplandecientes” (ibid.,* p. 235).\n\n[^128]: *Tlauhquechol: Ajaia ajaja* (Linnaeus), in Friedmann *et al., op. cit.,* Pt. I, p. 35.\n\n[^129]: Cf. note No. 8.\n\n[^130]: *Toztli:* adult yellow-headed parrot, *Amazona ochrocephala* (Gmelin), in Friedmann *et al.,* Pt. I, p. 131. \n\n[^131]: *Çaqua (çaquan): Gymnostinops montezuma* (Lesson), in Friedmann *et al.,* Pt. II, p. 276.\n\n[^132]: *Quauhtli: Aquila chrysaëtus,* according to Sahagún (Garibay ed.), Vol. IV, p. 330.\n\n[^133]: *Tzacuj: tzaccã* in *Real Palacio MS.*\n\n[^134]: Cf. Torquemada (*op. cit.,* p. 57); Yacacoliuhqui *”propiamente representa persona, que tiene viveça, ò habilidad, para mojar graciosamente, ò engañar, y es sabio, y sagáz (que es propria condicion de Mercaderes)…”* \n\n[^135]: Cf. Seler (*Einige Kapitel,* p. 22), citing *Hist. Reyn. Colh. Mex.,* Vol. II, 83.","html":"to go here and there.
\nGreatly were they wearied, much did they suffer to seek out the precious green stones, emerald-green jade,1 fine turquoise,2 amber, gold; [and] all manner of feathers: the long tail feathers of the resplendent trogon,3 its red breast feathers,4 those of the roseate spoonbill,5 the lovely cotinga,6 he yellow headed parrot,7 the troupial,8 the eagle;9 and the skins of fierce animals, rugs of ocelot skins, and gourd bowls, incense bowls, tortoise-shell cups, spoons for stirring cacao, stoppers for jars.
\nIn case they were besieged,10 enclosed, in enemy lands, living among others, having penetrated well within, they became like their enemies. In their array, their hairdress, their speech,11 they imitated the natives.
\nAnd if they came to an evil pass, if they were discovered, then [the foe] slew them in ambush; they served them up with chili sauce.12 [But if] anyone—perhaps one, perhaps two—escaped from enemy hands, he went to inform Moctezuma, wherefore he then gave him, he let him insert his amber lip plug. Thereby he did him honor, he singled him out as a valiant warrior. Thus he made him a man of consequence.
\nAnd when they reached their homes, when they had accomplished their return, their
\nCf. William F. Foshag: “Mineralogical Studies in Guatemalan Jade,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 135, No. 5 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1957), p. 8.↩
“Teoxíhuitl, quiere decir turquesa de los dioses … es turquesa fina, y sin ninguna mácula y muy lucida” (Sahagún, op. cit., Vol. III, p. 334).↩
”Las plumas que cría en la cola se llaman quezalli (y) son muy verdes y resplandecientes, son anchas, como unas hojas de espadaña dobléganse cuando las toca el aire (y) resplandecen muy hermosamente” (ibid., p. 234).↩
”El tocado que tiene en la cabeza esta ave [quetzaltototl] es muy hermosa y resplandeciente, llaman a estas plumas tzinitzcan; tiene esta ave el cuello y el pecho colorado y resplandeciente; es preciosa esta pluma y llámanla tzinitzcan” (loc. cit.). There also is a bird by that name: ”Hay una ave en esta tierra que se llama tzinitzcan… las plumas preciosas que tiene críalas en el pecho y en los sobacos, y debajo de las alas; son la mitad prietas y la mitad verdes resplandecientes” (ibid., p. 235).↩
Tlauhquechol: Ajaia ajaja (Linnaeus), in Friedmann et al., op. cit., Pt. I, p. 35.↩
Cf. note No. 8.↩
Toztli: adult yellow-headed parrot, Amazona ochrocephala (Gmelin), in Friedmann et al., Pt. I, p. 131.↩
Çaqua (çaquan): Gymnostinops montezuma (Lesson), in Friedmann et al., Pt. II, p. 276.↩
Quauhtli: Aquila chrysaëtus, according to Sahagún (Garibay ed.), Vol. IV, p. 330.↩
Tzacuj: tzaccã in Real Palacio MS.↩
Cf. Torquemada (op. cit., p. 57); Yacacoliuhqui ”propiamente representa persona, que tiene viveça, ò habilidad, para mojar graciosamente, ò engañar, y es sabio, y sagáz (que es propria condicion de Mercaderes)…”↩
Cf. Seler (Einige Kapitel, p. 22), citing Hist. Reyn. Colh. Mex., Vol. II, 83.↩