su señor y caudillo que los regía y gobernaba, y la caza que mataban se la daban. Y si acertaban a matar algún león, o tigre, gato montés, conejos o venados, le presentaban el pellejo y la carne. Y la caza que le daban ansí en reconocimiento era para su sustento del tal señor. Todo se lo presentaban y daban como tributo, y también arcos y flechas, y tenía palacios, que eran unas casas de paja o las mesmas cuevas, y tenía este tal señor una sola mujer, y lo mismo tenían todos estos teuchichimecas, cada uno una sola mujer; ninguno podía tener dos, y cada uno andaba y vivía de por sí con su mujer sola, buscando lo necesario para la sustentación de su vida. Y decían que estos tales no cometían adulterio unos a otros, y tarde y casi nunca se hallaba algún adúltero. Y cuando se hallaba alguno, lo tomaban
\n","citation_key":"citation_lopez_spanish_transcription","citation":{"en":["Spanish by López Austin & García Quintana 2000"],"es":["Español por López Austin & García Quintana 2000"]}},{"id":"26ebc293-ab91-4e78-b33c-67774ab510a4","choice":{"en":["Spanish-to-English by García Garagarza 2023"],"es":["Español-al-inglés por García Garagarza 2023"]},"type":"translation","type_label":{"en":["spanish translation"],"es":["traducción al español"]},"column":"spanish","language":{"en":["English"],"es":["Inglés"]},"language_code":"eng","subtitle":"(García Garagarza 2023)","markdown":"their own lord and leader who ruled and governed them; and they would give him the game that they killed [while hunting]. And if they succeeded in killing any lion,[^159] tiger, bobcat, rabbit, or deer, they would offer [the ruler] both the pelt and the meat. And the game that they thus gave him as obeisance was used for that very lord’s sustenance. They would present and give everything to him as a tribute, including bows and arrows. And he possessed palaces, which consisted of some houses made of straw or caves themselves. And this lord had only one wife, and the same was the case for all these Teochichimecas: each one had only one wife; and no one was allowed to have two, so each one of them would go around and live on his own with his one wife, searching for what was necessary to sustain their lives. And they said that these people did not commit adultery against each other, and only very seldom would an adulterer be discovered. And whenever one [of these] was discovered, they would apprehend him \n\n\n[^159]: “Lion” refers to the mountain lion or cougar (_Puma concolor_).","html":"their own lord and leader who ruled and governed them; and they would give him the game that they killed [while hunting]. And if they succeeded in killing any lion,1 tiger, bobcat, rabbit, or deer, they would offer [the ruler] both the pelt and the meat. And the game that they thus gave him as obeisance was used for that very lord’s sustenance. They would present and give everything to him as a tribute, including bows and arrows. And he possessed palaces, which consisted of some houses made of straw or caves themselves. And this lord had only one wife, and the same was the case for all these Teochichimecas: each one had only one wife; and no one was allowed to have two, so each one of them would go around and live on his own with his one wife, searching for what was necessary to sustain their lives. And they said that these people did not commit adultery against each other, and only very seldom would an adulterer be discovered. And whenever one [of these] was discovered, they would apprehend him
\n“Lion” refers to the mountain lion or cougar (Puma concolor).↩
[qujztine]mj, çan otlatocatinemj, çan panotinemj, çaça ie vi in ie vi, in canjn inpan iooatiuh: vncan qujtemoa in oztotl, in texcalli, vncan cochi.
\nInjque y, vnca inteiacancauh, vnca intlatocauh, in tlein caci, in aço tequanj, aço ocotochtli, aço cana qujpantilia ocelutl, cujtlachtli, mjztli: conmaca in jeoaio, ioan in jnacaio, ioan oc cequj itla nacatl, aço tochnacatl, aço maçanacatl: iuhqujn ic conjtacatia, in jchan in tlatoanj, mochi conjxpantilia: in anoço intlacalaqujl mochioa, in tlavitolli, in tlacochtli in pitzaoac, in qujtoznequj mjtl.
\nInjque y, in jntlatocauh: ca vnca ical, in tecpancalli, aço çacacalli, anoço çan xacalli, anoço texcalli oztotl: injn tlatoanj vnca inamjc, vnca içioauh ça ce çan qujxcavia. Injque yn chichimeca: in namjqueque, çan no ceceenme in jncioaoa, amo qujximati in tlaomepializtli: auh inic nemj, çan in ceceltin in nemj:
\n","citation_key":"citation_anderson_nahuatl_transcription","citation":{"en":["Nahuatl by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]}},{"id":"c6ac7ef3-9595-43e9-b5b6-b57064379bcc","choice":{"en":["Nahuatl-to-English by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl-al-inglés por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]},"type":"translation","type_label":{"en":["nahuatl translation"],"es":["traducción al náhuatl"]},"column":"nahuatl","language":{"en":["English"],"es":["Inglés"]},"language_code":"eng","subtitle":"(Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982)","markdown":"went about traveling, wandering; they went about crossing the streams; they only went here and there. Where night came upon them, there they sought a cave, a craggy place; there they slept.\n\nThese had their leaders, their rulers. That which they caught—were it a wild beast,[^22] or bobcat;[^23] perchance somewhere they shot an ocelot,[^24] a wolf,[^25] a mountain lion[^26]—they gave its hide and its flesh [to the leader]; and a little additional meat, either rabbit meat or venison. In this way they furnished provisions for the house of the ruler. They presented all to him. Or their tribute became a bow, a long, slender dart—that is to say, an arrow.\n\nThe ruler of these had his house, a palace, perhaps a grass house, or only a straw hut or a cave in the cliffs. This ruler had a consort, a wife—only one; he had only one. These Chichimeca had spouses; each one had only one wife. They knew not polygyny. And thus they lived; each couple lived alone, \n\n\n\n\n[^22]: *Tequani* (“eater of people”) we have consistently translated as “wild beast.” Sahagún frequently defines it as *tigre o león.* Eduard Seler, in *Einige Kapitel aus dem Geschichtswerk des Fray Bernardino de Sahagun aus dem Aztekischen übersetzt* (Caecilie Seler-Sachs, Walter Lehmann, Walter Krickeberg, eds.; Stuttgart: Strecker und Schröder, 1927), p. 402, construes it as jaguar. In the Aztec codices, the glyph of *tequani* is an animal of the cat family. Clark, in *Codex Mendoza* (James Cooper Clark, ed. and tr.; London: Waterlow and Sons, 1938), II, p. 120, identifies it as *Felis hernandesii.* See also III, fol. 13*v*.\n\n\n[^23]: *Lynx rufus texensis* in Martín del Campo, *op. cit.* XII, No. 1 (1941), “Los Mamíferos,” p. 495. *Lynx rufus texensis* (J.A. Allen) according to Durrant, personal communication.\n\n\n[^24]: *Felis hernandesii hernandesii,* in Martín del Campo, *op. cit*. p. 491. *Felis onca hernandesii* (Gray). Jaguar according to Durrant.\n\n\n[^25]: *Oso mielero; Tamandua, Myrmecopaha, tetradactyla,* in Sahagún (Garibay, ed.), IV, p. 331. We have translated as “wolf” after Molina, *op. cit*. The Spanish of the *Florentine Codex,* Book XI, cap. I, fol. 6*r*, states *”Este anjmal, por la relaciõ, paresce que es oso: y si no es oso no se a que anjmal se compare de los que conoscemos.”*\n\n\n[^26]: *Felis azteca azteca* in Martín del Campo, *op. cit*., p. 493. *Felis concalar azteca* (Merriam) according to Durrant.","html":"went about traveling, wandering; they went about crossing the streams; they only went here and there. Where night came upon them, there they sought a cave, a craggy place; there they slept.
\nThese had their leaders, their rulers. That which they caught—were it a wild beast,1 or bobcat;2 perchance somewhere they shot an ocelot,3 a wolf,4 a mountain lion5—they gave its hide and its flesh [to the leader]; and a little additional meat, either rabbit meat or venison. In this way they furnished provisions for the house of the ruler. They presented all to him. Or their tribute became a bow, a long, slender dart—that is to say, an arrow.
\nThe ruler of these had his house, a palace, perhaps a grass house, or only a straw hut or a cave in the cliffs. This ruler had a consort, a wife—only one; he had only one. These Chichimeca had spouses; each one had only one wife. They knew not polygyny. And thus they lived; each couple lived alone,
\nTequani (“eater of people”) we have consistently translated as “wild beast.” Sahagún frequently defines it as tigre o león. Eduard Seler, in Einige Kapitel aus dem Geschichtswerk des Fray Bernardino de Sahagun aus dem Aztekischen übersetzt (Caecilie Seler-Sachs, Walter Lehmann, Walter Krickeberg, eds.; Stuttgart: Strecker und Schröder, 1927), p. 402, construes it as jaguar. In the Aztec codices, the glyph of tequani is an animal of the cat family. Clark, in Codex Mendoza (James Cooper Clark, ed. and tr.; London: Waterlow and Sons, 1938), II, p. 120, identifies it as Felis hernandesii. See also III, fol. 13v.↩
Lynx rufus texensis in Martín del Campo, op. cit. XII, No. 1 (1941), “Los Mamíferos,” p. 495. Lynx rufus texensis (J.A. Allen) according to Durrant, personal communication.↩
Felis hernandesii hernandesii, in Martín del Campo, op. cit. p. 491. Felis onca hernandesii (Gray). Jaguar according to Durrant.↩
Oso mielero; Tamandua, Myrmecopaha, tetradactyla, in Sahagún (Garibay, ed.), IV, p. 331. We have translated as “wolf” after Molina, op. cit. The Spanish of the Florentine Codex, Book XI, cap. I, fol. 6r, states ”Este anjmal, por la relaciõ, paresce que es oso: y si no es oso no se a que anjmal se compare de los que conoscemos.”↩
Felis azteca azteca in Martín del Campo, op. cit., p. 493. Felis concalar azteca (Merriam) according to Durrant.↩