[abastan]za desta tierra y las constelaciones que en ella reinan ayudan mucho a la naturaleza humana para ser viciosa y ociosa y muy dada a los vicios sensuales, y la filosofía moral enseñó por experiencia a estos naturales que para vivir moralmente y virtuosamente era necesario el rigor y austeridad y ocupaciones continuas en cosas provechosas a la república. Como esto cesó por la venida de los españoles, y porque ellos derrocaron y echaron por tierra todas las costumbres y maneras de regir que tenían estos naturales, y quisieron reducirlos a las maneras de vivir de España, ansí en las cosas divinas como en las humanas, teniendo entendido que eran idólatras y bárbaros, perdióse todo el regimiento que tenían. Necesario fue destruir las cosas idolátricas y todos los edificios idolátricos, y aun las costumbres de la república que estaban mezcladas con ritos de idolatría y acompañadas con cerimonias idolátricas, lo cual había casi
\n","citation_key":"citation_lopez_spanish_transcription","citation":{"en":["Spanish by López Austin & García Quintana 2000"],"es":["Español por López Austin & García Quintana 2000"]}},{"id":"13915bc7-da2b-4aa9-a48d-5fe844baf47e","choice":{"en":["Spanish-to-English by García Garagarza 2023"],"es":["Español-al-inglés por García Garagarza 2023"]},"type":"translation","type_label":{"en":["spanish translation"],"es":["traducción al español"]},"column":"spanish","language":{"en":["English"],"es":["Inglés"]},"language_code":"eng","subtitle":"(García Garagarza 2023)","markdown":"of this land, as well as the constellations that rule over it, incline human nature considerably toward vice and idleness and to indulge greatly in sensual vices; and moral philosophy taught these natives through experience that, in order to live morally and virtuously, it was necessary to be severe, austere, and constantly engaged in matters that are beneficial to the republic. And since this ended with the arrival of the Spaniards, and since [the Spaniards] overthrew and destroyed all the customs and ways of governance that these natives had—wishing to constrain them, in both human and divine affairs, to the Spanish ways of life while considering them to be idolatrous and barbaric—all the governance that they possessed was lost.\n\nIt was necessary to destroy idolatrous things, all the idolatrous buildings, and even the republic’s customs that were mixed with idolatrous rituals and accompanied by idolatrous ceremonies, which existed in almost","html":"of this land, as well as the constellations that rule over it, incline human nature considerably toward vice and idleness and to indulge greatly in sensual vices; and moral philosophy taught these natives through experience that, in order to live morally and virtuously, it was necessary to be severe, austere, and constantly engaged in matters that are beneficial to the republic. And since this ended with the arrival of the Spaniards, and since [the Spaniards] overthrew and destroyed all the customs and ways of governance that these natives had—wishing to constrain them, in both human and divine affairs, to the Spanish ways of life while considering them to be idolatrous and barbaric—all the governance that they possessed was lost.
\nIt was necessary to destroy idolatrous things, all the idolatrous buildings, and even the republic’s customs that were mixed with idolatrous rituals and accompanied by idolatrous ceremonies, which existed in almost
\n","citation_key":"citation_garagarza","citation":{"en":["Spanish-to-English by García Garagarza 2023"],"es":["Español-al-inglés por García Garagarza 2023"]}},{"id":"664aa26b-d21c-4257-a13e-75ba331561b3","choice":{"en":["Spanish-to-English by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Español-al-inglés por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]},"type":"translation","type_label":{"en":["spanish translation"],"es":["traducción al español"]},"column":"spanish","language":{"en":["English"],"es":["Inglés"]},"language_code":"eng","subtitle":"(Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982)","markdown":"abundance of this land and the climates which prevail in it considerably aided human nature to be licentious and idle and much given to sensual vices. And moral philosophy taught these natives through experience that, to live morally and virtuously, rigor, austerity, and continuous concern for things beneficial to the state was necessary. \n\nSince this ceased with the coming of the Spaniards, and since these put down and destroyed all the ways of governing these natives had, and tried to convert them to the ways of living of Spain in things divine as well as human, understanding that they were idolaters and barbarians, all the government which they possessed was lost. \n\nIt was necessary to destroy idolatrous things and all idolatrous buildings, and even the customs of the state which were mixed with idolatrous rites and accompanied by idolatrous ceremonies which were present in nearly","html":"abundance of this land and the climates which prevail in it considerably aided human nature to be licentious and idle and much given to sensual vices. And moral philosophy taught these natives through experience that, to live morally and virtuously, rigor, austerity, and continuous concern for things beneficial to the state was necessary.
\nSince this ceased with the coming of the Spaniards, and since these put down and destroyed all the ways of governing these natives had, and tried to convert them to the ways of living of Spain in things divine as well as human, understanding that they were idolaters and barbarians, all the government which they possessed was lost.
\nIt was necessary to destroy idolatrous things and all idolatrous buildings, and even the customs of the state which were mixed with idolatrous rites and accompanied by idolatrous ceremonies which were present in nearly
\n","citation_key":"citation_anderson_spanish_eng_translation","citation":{"en":["Spanish-to-English by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Español-al-inglés por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]}},{"id":"38be25c9-f531-46c7-9716-87cecc4bbd33","choice":{"en":["Spanish by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Español por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]},"type":"transcription","type_label":{"en":["spanish transcription"],"es":["transcripción en español"]},"column":"spanish","language":{"en":["Spanish"],"es":["Español"]},"language_code":"spa","subtitle":"(Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982)","markdown":"abastança, desta tierra: y las constelaciones que en ella reynan ayudan mucho, a la naturaleza humana, para ser viciosa, y ociosa, y muy dada a los vicios sensuales: y la philosophia moral enseño por experiencia a estos naturales, que para biujr moralmente, y virtuosamẽte era necesario el rigor, y austeridad, y ocupaciones continuas, en cosas prouechosas a la republica. \n\nComo esto ceso, por la uenjda de los españoles, y porque ellos derrocaron, y hecharon por tierra: todas las costumbres y maneras de regir, que tenjan estos naturales; y qujsieron reduzirlos, a las maneras de biujr de españa: ansi en las cosas diujnas, como en las humanas: tenjendo entendido, que eran ydolatras, y barbaros, perdiose todo el regimjento que tenjan: \n\nnecesario fue destruyr las cosas ydolatricas, y todos los edificios idolatricos: y aun las costumbres de la republica, que estauan mezcladas con ritos de idolatria, y acompañadas con cerimonjas ydolatricas, lo qual auja casi","html":"abastança, desta tierra: y las constelaciones que en ella reynan ayudan mucho, a la naturaleza humana, para ser viciosa, y ociosa, y muy dada a los vicios sensuales: y la philosophia moral enseño por experiencia a estos naturales, que para biujr moralmente, y virtuosamẽte era necesario el rigor, y austeridad, y ocupaciones continuas, en cosas prouechosas a la republica.
\nComo esto ceso, por la uenjda de los españoles, y porque ellos derrocaron, y hecharon por tierra: todas las costumbres y maneras de regir, que tenjan estos naturales; y qujsieron reduzirlos, a las maneras de biujr de españa: ansi en las cosas diujnas, como en las humanas: tenjendo entendido, que eran ydolatras, y barbaros, perdiose todo el regimjento que tenjan:
\nnecesario fue destruyr las cosas ydolatricas, y todos los edificios idolatricos: y aun las costumbres de la republica, que estauan mezcladas con ritos de idolatria, y acompañadas con cerimonjas ydolatricas, lo qual auja casi
\n","citation_key":"citation_anderson_spanish_transcription","citation":{"en":["Spanish by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Español por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]}}],"nahuatl_col":[{"id":"94ed81b8-9fa5-4810-aecb-36e49463fc0e","choice":{"en":["Nahuatl by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]},"type":"transcription","type_label":{"en":["nahuatl transcription"],"es":["transcripción al náhuatl"]},"column":"nahuatl","language":{"en":["Nahuatl"],"es":["Náhuatl"]},"language_code":"nci","subtitle":"(Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982)","markdown":"##### Tzotzollotl, \ntzôtzollotl, \ntzotzoliuhcaiutl, \ntzôtzoliuhcaiutl, \ntzotzollo, \ntotzôtzoliuhca, \nteltzotzol, \ntotentzotzol, \ntoquechquechtzotzol, \nhititzotzolli, \nchiaoacaio, \nsuchio, \netic, \nçoquitic \npaltic \nchiaoa.\n\n##### Suchiotl, \ntusuchio, \nchiactic \ncoztic, \nsuchitic, \ncozpatic, \ncozpiltic, \niamanqui, \ntotonqui, \ntlaiamanilli, \ntlatotonilia, \ntlachiaoa, \ntlatzmolinaltia, \ntlacelialtia, \ntlananatzoa, \ntenanatzoa, \nteueilia, \ntetâtalanoa, \ntetatalaiuiltia, \ntexicuitoltilia, \npati \natia.\n\n##### Ceceiotl, \ntoceceio, \niztac, \niamaztic, \niamazpatic \ncuechtic, \naio, \npatzcallo, \npatzconi, \nchiaoac, \nchiacpâtic, \nchiaoa, \ntlachiaoa.\n\n##### Tochiaoaca, \natic, \niamanqui, \niztac, \niztacpâtic, \ntlachiaoa.\n\n\n##### Ciciotcaiutl, \ntociciotca, \ntelciciotca, \niztac, \niztacpatic, \nmecatic \nihichio, \nciciiotic, \niztaia.\n\n##### Puchquiiutl, \ntopuchquio,","html":"tzôtzollotl,\ntzotzoliuhcaiutl,\ntzôtzoliuhcaiutl,\ntzotzollo,\ntotzôtzoliuhca,\nteltzotzol,\ntotentzotzol,\ntoquechquechtzotzol,\nhititzotzolli,\nchiaoacaio,\nsuchio,\netic,\nçoquitic\npaltic\nchiaoa.
\ntusuchio,\nchiactic\ncoztic,\nsuchitic,\ncozpatic,\ncozpiltic,\niamanqui,\ntotonqui,\ntlaiamanilli,\ntlatotonilia,\ntlachiaoa,\ntlatzmolinaltia,\ntlacelialtia,\ntlananatzoa,\ntenanatzoa,\nteueilia,\ntetâtalanoa,\ntetatalaiuiltia,\ntexicuitoltilia,\npati\natia.
\ntoceceio,\niztac,\niamaztic,\niamazpatic\ncuechtic,\naio,\npatzcallo,\npatzconi,\nchiaoac,\nchiacpâtic,\nchiaoa,\ntlachiaoa.
\natic,\niamanqui,\niztac,\niztacpâtic,\ntlachiaoa.
\ntociciotca,\ntelciciotca,\niztac,\niztacpatic,\nmecatic\nihichio,\nciciiotic,\niztaia.
\ntopuchquio,
\n","citation_key":"citation_anderson_nahuatl_transcription","citation":{"en":["Nahuatl by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]}},{"id":"19e60ddd-473c-4e6c-8edd-1784ebc6ca39","choice":{"en":["Nahuatl-to-English by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl-al-inglés por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]},"type":"translation","type_label":{"en":["nahuatl translation"],"es":["traducción al náhuatl"]},"column":"nahuatl","language":{"en":["English"],"es":["Inglés"]},"language_code":"eng","subtitle":"(Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982)","markdown":"##### Flabbiness[^19] \nflabbiness \nflabbiness \nflabbiness \nflabby \nour flabbiness \nflabbiness of our chest \nflabbiness of our lips \nflabbiness of our neck[^20] \nflabbiness of the stomach \ngreasy \nfatty \nheavy \nwet \nmoist \nit becomes grease-stained \n\n##### Fat\nour fat \noily \nyellow \nfatty \nvery yellow[^21] \nvery yellow \nwarm \nhot \nwarmed[^22] \nit heats \nit stains things with grease \nit brings about development \nit brings about a filling out \nit fattens \nit fattens one \nit makes one big \nit enlarges one[^23] \nit makes one large \nit distends one’s navel[^24] \nit dissolves \nit liquefies \n\n##### Fat[^25] \nour fat \nwhite \nsoft \nvery soft \nof fine texture \nliquid \nsqueezable \ncompressible \ngreasy[^26] \nvery oily \nit stains with grease \nit stains things with grease \n\n##### Our grease \nliquefied \nsoft[^27] \nwhite \nvery white \nit stains things with grease \n\n##### Tissue[^28] \nour tissue\nour breast tissue \nwhite\nvery white\nstringy \nfibrous \ntissue-like \nit becomes white \n\n##### Fat[^29] \nour fat \n\n\n\n\n[^19]: Charles E. Dibble: “Nahuatl Names for Body Parts,” *Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl* (México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Historia, Seminario de Cultura Náhuatl, I [1959], pp. 27–29). In von Gall, *op. cit*., p. 123, *tzotzollotl* is translated as *Venen*.\n\n\n[^20]: *Acad. Hist. MS: toquechtzotzol*.\n\n\n[^21]: *Ibid.: cozpâtic*.\n\n\n[^22]: *Ibid.: tlayamanilia*.\n\n\n[^23]: In the *Florentine Codex, *tenanatzonoa* appears to have been corrected to correspond to the *Acad. Hist. MS* text (*tetâtalanoa*).\n\n\n[^24]: *Acad. Hist. MS: texicuitoltilia*. The Florentine Codex appears to correspond.\n\n\n[^25]: *Ceyotl:* marrow; see also Martín del Campo, *op. cit*. p. 158: *médula ósea;* von Gall, *op. cit*., p. 124: *Netzfett*.\n\n\n[^26]: *Loc. cit.: feist*.\n\n\n[^27]: *lamanqui:* alternative meanings are possible; the context appears to govern precise meaning.\n\n\n[^28]: von Gall, *loc. cit.: Nerven*.\n\n\n[^29]: *Ibid*., p. 125: *Lymphgefässe*. Book XI, cap. ix (fol 215*r*), of the *Florentine Codex* refers to *apopoçoqujllotl, vel qujtoznequj apochqujotl, iuhqujnma ipochqujotl atl;* cap. x (fol. 216*v*) mentions that *nocheztli … chamava mopochqujotia … mopochqujoqujmjloa;* whence it may be inferred that some sort of fatty substance was recognized.","html":"flabbiness\nflabbiness\nflabbiness\nflabby\nour flabbiness\nflabbiness of our chest\nflabbiness of our lips\nflabbiness of our neck2\nflabbiness of the stomach\ngreasy\nfatty\nheavy\nwet\nmoist\nit becomes grease-stained
\nour fat\noily\nyellow\nfatty\nvery yellow3\nvery yellow\nwarm\nhot\nwarmed4\nit heats\nit stains things with grease\nit brings about development\nit brings about a filling out\nit fattens\nit fattens one\nit makes one big\nit enlarges one5\nit makes one large\nit distends one’s navel6\nit dissolves\nit liquefies
\nour fat\nwhite\nsoft\nvery soft\nof fine texture\nliquid\nsqueezable\ncompressible\ngreasy8\nvery oily\nit stains with grease\nit stains things with grease
\nliquefied\nsoft9\nwhite\nvery white\nit stains things with grease
\nour tissue\nour breast tissue\nwhite\nvery white\nstringy\nfibrous\ntissue-like\nit becomes white
\nour fat
\nCharles E. Dibble: “Nahuatl Names for Body Parts,” Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl (México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Historia, Seminario de Cultura Náhuatl, I [1959], pp. 27–29). In von Gall, op. cit., p. 123, tzotzollotl is translated as Venen.↩
Acad. Hist. MS: toquechtzotzol.↩
Ibid.: cozpâtic.↩
Ibid.: tlayamanilia.↩
In the Florentine Codex, *tenanatzonoa appears to have been corrected to correspond to the Acad. Hist. MS text (tetâtalanoa).↩
Acad. Hist. MS: texicuitoltilia. The Florentine Codex appears to correspond.↩
Ceyotl: marrow; see also Martín del Campo, op. cit. p. 158: médula ósea; von Gall, op. cit., p. 124: Netzfett.↩
Loc. cit.: feist.↩
lamanqui: alternative meanings are possible; the context appears to govern precise meaning.↩
von Gall, loc. cit.: Nerven.↩
Ibid., p. 125: Lymphgefässe. Book XI, cap. ix (fol 215r), of the Florentine Codex refers to apopoçoqujllotl, vel qujtoznequj apochqujotl, iuhqujnma ipochqujotl atl; cap. x (fol. 216v) mentions that nocheztli … chamava mopochqujotia … mopochqujoqujmjloa; whence it may be inferred that some sort of fatty substance was recognized.↩