averiguado, ansí por las cosas que había oído de los españoles como por los pronósticos que habían pasado y profecías antiguas y moternas que tenían, que los españoles habían de reinar en esta tierra, salióse de las casas reales y fuese a las casas que él tenían ante que fuese rey o emperador.
\nDesque los españoles partieron de la ribera de la mar para entrar la tierra dentro, tomaron a un indio principal, que llamaban tlacochcálcatl, para que los mostrase el camino, al cual indio habían tomado de allí de aquella provincia los primeros navíos que vinieron a descubrir esta tierra, el cual indio el capitán don Hernando Cortés truxo consigo y sabía ya de la lengua española algo. Éste, juntamente con Marina, eran intérpretes de don Hernando Cortés. A éste tomaron por guía de su camino para venir a México. En llegando a la provincia de Tecóac, que es tierra de Tlaxcalla, allí estaban poblados los otomíes y gente de guerra que guardaba la frontera o términos de los tlaxcaltecas. Éstos salieron de guerra contra los españoles. Los españoles
\n","citation_key":"citation_lopez_spanish_transcription","citation":{"en":["Spanish by López Austin & García Quintana 2000"],"es":["Español por López Austin & García Quintana 2000"]}},{"id":"30712dc6-a359-43d3-927a-8becee8df93e","choice":{"en":["Spanish by Lockhart 1993"],"es":["Español por Lockhart 1993"]},"type":"transcription","type_label":{"en":["spanish transcription"],"es":["transcripción en español"]},"column":"spanish","language":{"en":["Spanish"],"es":["Español"]},"language_code":"spa","subtitle":"(Lockhart 1993)","markdown":"aueriguado ansi por las cosas que auia oydo de los españoles como por los pronosticos que auian pasado y profecias antiguas y moternas que tenian que los españoles auiā de reynar en esta tierra: saliose de las casas reales, y fuese a las casas que el tenian ante que fuese rey o emperador. \n\nDesque los españoles partieron de la ribera de la mar para entrar la tierra dentro, tomaron a vn indio principal que llamauā Tlacochcalcatl, para que los mostrase el camino: al qual indio auian tomado de alli de aquella prouincia los primeros nauios que vinieron a descubrir esta teirra el qual indio el capitan don hernando cortes truxo consigo, y sabia ya de la lengua española algo. Este juntamente con marina, erā interpretes de don hernādo cortes, a este tomaron por guia de su camino, para venir a mexico. \n\nEn llegando a la prouincia de tecoac que es tierra de tlaxcalla, alli estauan poblados los otomies y gente de guerra que guardaua la frontera o terminos de los tlaxcaltecas: estos salieron de guerra contra los españoles. Los españoles","html":"aueriguado ansi por las cosas que auia oydo de los españoles como por los pronosticos que auian pasado y profecias antiguas y moternas que tenian que los españoles auiā de reynar en esta tierra: saliose de las casas reales, y fuese a las casas que el tenian ante que fuese rey o emperador.
\nDesque los españoles partieron de la ribera de la mar para entrar la tierra dentro, tomaron a vn indio principal que llamauā Tlacochcalcatl, para que los mostrase el camino: al qual indio auian tomado de alli de aquella prouincia los primeros nauios que vinieron a descubrir esta teirra el qual indio el capitan don hernando cortes truxo consigo, y sabia ya de la lengua española algo. Este juntamente con marina, erā interpretes de don hernādo cortes, a este tomaron por guia de su camino, para venir a mexico.
\nEn llegando a la prouincia de tecoac que es tierra de tlaxcalla, alli estauan poblados los otomies y gente de guerra que guardaua la frontera o terminos de los tlaxcaltecas: estos salieron de guerra contra los españoles. Los españoles
\n","citation_key":"citation_lockhart_spanish_transcription","citation":{"en":["Spanish by Lockhart 1993"],"es":["Español por Lockhart 1993"]}},{"id":"b32efe9e-105a-4db0-846a-f697d80987eb","choice":{"en":["Spanish-to-English by Lockhart 1993"],"es":["Español-al-inglés por Lockhart 1993"]},"type":"translation","type_label":{"en":["spanish translation"],"es":["traducción al español"]},"column":"spanish","language":{"en":["English"],"es":["Inglés"]},"language_code":"eng","subtitle":"(Lockhart 1993)","markdown":"the things he had heard about the Spaniards, as well as the prophecies that had been made in ancient and modern times, that the Spaniards were to rule in this land, left the royal palace and went to the house that he had before he was king or emperor. \n\nFrom the time that the Spaniards left the seacoast to go into the interior of the country, they took a leading Indian named Tlacochcalcatl to show them the way; the first ships that came to discover this land had taken him from that province; Captain don Hernando Cortés brought this Indian along with him, and he already knew something of the Spanish language. He was an interpreter for don Hernando Cortés along with Marina, and he was the one they took to guide the way coming to Mexico. \n\nWhen they reached the province of Tecoac, which is Tlaxcalan territory, they found settled there the Otomis and warriors who guarded the border or jurisdictional limits of the Tlaxcalans, and they came out to do battle against the Spaniards. The Spaniards","html":"the things he had heard about the Spaniards, as well as the prophecies that had been made in ancient and modern times, that the Spaniards were to rule in this land, left the royal palace and went to the house that he had before he was king or emperor.
\nFrom the time that the Spaniards left the seacoast to go into the interior of the country, they took a leading Indian named Tlacochcalcatl to show them the way; the first ships that came to discover this land had taken him from that province; Captain don Hernando Cortés brought this Indian along with him, and he already knew something of the Spanish language. He was an interpreter for don Hernando Cortés along with Marina, and he was the one they took to guide the way coming to Mexico.
\nWhen they reached the province of Tecoac, which is Tlaxcalan territory, they found settled there the Otomis and warriors who guarded the border or jurisdictional limits of the Tlaxcalans, and they came out to do battle against the Spaniards. The Spaniards
\n","citation_key":"citation_lockhart_spanish_eng_translation","citation":{"en":["Spanish-to-English by Lockhart 1993"],"es":["Español-al-inglés por Lockhart 1993"]}}],"nahuatl_col":[{"id":"4985a4f4-6f70-4e13-936d-d3641913e634","choice":{"en":["Nahuatl-to-English by Lockhart 1993"],"es":["Náhuatl-al-inglés por Lockhart 1993"]},"type":"translation","type_label":{"en":["nahuatl translation"],"es":["traducción al náhuatl"]},"column":"nahuatl","language":{"en":["English"],"es":["Inglés"]},"language_code":"eng","subtitle":"(Lockhart 1993)","markdown":"[his patrimonial home], the great palace, and came back to his personal home.\n\nWhen at last [the Spaniards] came, when they were coming along and moving this way, a certain person from Cempoallan, whose name was Tlacochcalcatl, whom they had taken when they first came to see the land and the various altepetl, also came interpreting for them, planning their route, conducting them, showing them the way, leading and guiding them. \n\nAnd when they reached Tecoac, which is in the land of the Tlaxcalans, where their Otomis lived, the Otomis met them with hostilities and war. But they annihilated the Otomis of Tecoac, who were destroyed completely. They lanced and stabbed them, they shot them with guns, iron bolts, crossbows. Not just a few but a huge number of them were destroyed. \n\nAfter the great defeat at Tecoac, when the Tlaxcalans heard it and found out about it and it was reported to them, they became limp with fear, they were made faint; fear took hold of them. Then they assembled, and all of them, including the lords and rulers,","html":"[his patrimonial home], the great palace, and came back to his personal home.
\nWhen at last [the Spaniards] came, when they were coming along and moving this way, a certain person from Cempoallan, whose name was Tlacochcalcatl, whom they had taken when they first came to see the land and the various altepetl, also came interpreting for them, planning their route, conducting them, showing them the way, leading and guiding them.
\nAnd when they reached Tecoac, which is in the land of the Tlaxcalans, where their Otomis lived, the Otomis met them with hostilities and war. But they annihilated the Otomis of Tecoac, who were destroyed completely. They lanced and stabbed them, they shot them with guns, iron bolts, crossbows. Not just a few but a huge number of them were destroyed.
\nAfter the great defeat at Tecoac, when the Tlaxcalans heard it and found out about it and it was reported to them, they became limp with fear, they were made faint; fear took hold of them. Then they assembled, and all of them, including the lords and rulers,
\n","citation_key":"citation_lockhart_nahuatl_eng_translation","citation":{"en":["Nahuatl-to-English by Lockhart 1993"],"es":["Náhuatl-al-inglés por Lockhart 1993"]}},{"id":"dd7f1476-090b-4030-8aca-3ee9f981fad5","choice":{"en":["Nahuatl-to-Spanish by Alcántara Rojas and Navarrete Linares 2023"],"es":["Náhuatl-al-español por Alcántara Rojas & Navarrete Linares 2023"]},"type":"translation","type_label":{"en":["nahuatl translation"],"es":["traducción al náhuatl"]},"column":"nahuatl","language":{"en":["Spanish"],"es":["Español"]},"language_code":"spa","subtitle":"(Alcántara Rojas & Navarrete Linares 2023)","markdown":"ancianos, el gran palacio, fue acudiendo, acudió a aquel lugar, se trasladó, visitó el hogar de su linaje. Finalmente, vienen, ya vienen, ya se mueven hacia acá [los españoles]. Una persona cempoalteca, de nombre Tlacochcálcatl, al que también habían venido a capturar primero, cuando fueron a ver las tierras, los *altepetl* [ciudades], también venía hablando náhuatl, venía estableciendo el camino, venía mostrándoles el camino, venía dándoles consejos, los traía, los venía guiando hacia acá. Vinieron a llegar a Tecóac, en tierras tlaxcaltecas, donde estaban sus otomíes. Y los otomíes salieron a su encuentro con guerra, salieron a su encuentro con escudos. Pero a los otomíes, a los de Tecóac, bien los aniquilaron, bien perecieron, los aguijonearon, la gente fue aguijoneada, les dispararon con las trompetas de fuego [cañones o arcabuces], los atacaron con lanzas de metal, les tiraron con arcos. No sólo unos cuantos, sino muchísimos fueron los que perecieron. Luego que Tecóac fue destruido, los tlaxcaltecas lo escucharon, lo supieron, les fue dicho. Mucho se acobardaron, se amedrentaron, mucho ganó el asombro, se aterraron. Enseguida se reunieron, discutieron; discutieron entre sí los","html":"ancianos, el gran palacio, fue acudiendo, acudió a aquel lugar, se trasladó, visitó el hogar de su linaje. Finalmente, vienen, ya vienen, ya se mueven hacia acá [los españoles]. Una persona cempoalteca, de nombre Tlacochcálcatl, al que también habían venido a capturar primero, cuando fueron a ver las tierras, los altepetl [ciudades], también venía hablando náhuatl, venía estableciendo el camino, venía mostrándoles el camino, venía dándoles consejos, los traía, los venía guiando hacia acá. Vinieron a llegar a Tecóac, en tierras tlaxcaltecas, donde estaban sus otomíes. Y los otomíes salieron a su encuentro con guerra, salieron a su encuentro con escudos. Pero a los otomíes, a los de Tecóac, bien los aniquilaron, bien perecieron, los aguijonearon, la gente fue aguijoneada, les dispararon con las trompetas de fuego [cañones o arcabuces], los atacaron con lanzas de metal, les tiraron con arcos. No sólo unos cuantos, sino muchísimos fueron los que perecieron. Luego que Tecóac fue destruido, los tlaxcaltecas lo escucharon, lo supieron, les fue dicho. Mucho se acobardaron, se amedrentaron, mucho ganó el asombro, se aterraron. Enseguida se reunieron, discutieron; discutieron entre sí los
\n","citation_key":"citation_alcantara_nahuatl_spa_translation","citation":{"en":["Nahuatl-to-Spanish by Alcántara Rojas and Navarrete Linares 2023"],"es":["Náhuatl-al-español por Alcántara Rojas & Navarrete Linares 2023"]}},{"id":"c961ad1a-79be-4f5e-95ba-1f7dc8f103ed","choice":{"en":["Nahuatl by Lockhart 1993"],"es":["Náhuatl por Lockhart 1993"]},"type":"transcription","type_label":{"en":["nahuatl transcription"],"es":["transcripción al náhuatl"]},"column":"nahuatl","language":{"en":["Nahuatl"],"es":["Náhuatl"]},"language_code":"nci","subtitle":"(Lockhart 1993)","markdown":"[ive]vechan in vei tecpan, vncan oallamattia, vncan oallama, quioalma, quioaltocac in ipilchan in iehoatl Motecuçoma. \n\nAuh in iequene vitze, in ie vitze, in ie ovalmolinique: ce tlacatl, cempoaltecatl, itoca tlacochcalcatl, no achto canaco; in iquac quittato tlalli, in altepetl, no oalnaoatlatotia, q͗noaloquechilitia, quinoalotlaxilitia, quinoallaixtlatitia, quinoaliacan, quinoaliacantia. \n\nAuh in oacico Tecoac: intlalpan tlaxcalteca vncan onoque imotonoan. Auh in otomi iautica quinnamicque, chimaltica quinnamicque: auh in otomi in Tecoaca vel quimixtlatique, vel ixpoliuhque, quinxixilque, texixilioac, quintlequiquizvique, quintepuzmivique, quintlavitolhuique, amo çan quexquichtin, vel ixachintin, in ixpoliuhque. \n\nAuh in ontlalpoliuh Tecoac; in tlaxcalteca in oconcacque in ocōmatique, in onilhuiloto, cenca mauhcaçonecque, mocuetlaxoque, cenca intlan ia in maviztli, mavizcuique: nimā mocentlalique mononotzque, motecuiononotz[que,]","html":"[ive]vechan in vei tecpan, vncan oallamattia, vncan oallama, quioalma, quioaltocac in ipilchan in iehoatl Motecuçoma.
\nAuh in iequene vitze, in ie vitze, in ie ovalmolinique: ce tlacatl, cempoaltecatl, itoca tlacochcalcatl, no achto canaco; in iquac quittato tlalli, in altepetl, no oalnaoatlatotia, q͗noaloquechilitia, quinoalotlaxilitia, quinoallaixtlatitia, quinoaliacan, quinoaliacantia.
\nAuh in oacico Tecoac: intlalpan tlaxcalteca vncan onoque imotonoan. Auh in otomi iautica quinnamicque, chimaltica quinnamicque: auh in otomi in Tecoaca vel quimixtlatique, vel ixpoliuhque, quinxixilque, texixilioac, quintlequiquizvique, quintepuzmivique, quintlavitolhuique, amo çan quexquichtin, vel ixachintin, in ixpoliuhque.
\nAuh in ontlalpoliuh Tecoac; in tlaxcalteca in oconcacque in ocōmatique, in onilhuiloto, cenca mauhcaçonecque, mocuetlaxoque, cenca intlan ia in maviztli, mavizcuique: nimā mocentlalique mononotzque, motecuiononotz[que,]
\n","citation_key":"citation_lockhart_nahuatl_transcription","citation":{"en":["Nahuatl by Lockhart 1993"],"es":["Náhuatl por Lockhart 1993"]}},{"id":"530e01f1-9f30-42fe-9544-cd4b1dcef280","choice":{"en":["Nahuatl by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]},"type":"transcription","type_label":{"en":["nahuatl transcription"],"es":["transcripción al náhuatl"]},"column":"nahuatl","language":{"en":["Nahuatl"],"es":["Náhuatl"]},"language_code":"nci","subtitle":"(Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982)","markdown":"[jve]vechan in vei tecpan, vncan oallamattia, vncan oallama, qujoalma, qujoaltocac in jpilchan in iehoatl Motecuçoma. \n\nAuh in iequene vitze, in ie vitze, in ie ovalmolinjque: ce tlacatl, cempoaltecatl, itoca tlacochcalcatl, no achto canaco; in jquac qujttato tlalli, in altepetl, no oalnaoatlatotia, q͗noaloquechilitia, qujnoalotlaxilitia, qujnoallaixtlatitia, qujnoaliacan, qujnoaliacantia. \n\nAuh in oacico Tecoac: intlalpan tlaxcalteca vncan onoque imotonoan. Auh in otomj iautica qujnnamjcque, chimaltica qujnnamjcque: auh in otomj in Tecoaca vel qujmjxtlatique, vel ixpoliuhque, qujnxixilque, texixilioac, qujntlequjqujzvique, qujntepuzmjvique, qujntlavitolhujque, amo çan quexqujchtin, vel ixachintin, in jxpoliuhque. \n\nAuh in ontlalpoliuh tecoac, in tlaxcalteca in oconcacque in ocōmatque, in onjlhujloto, cenca mauhcaçonecque, mocuetlaxoque, cenca in tlania in maviztli, mavizcujque: \n\nnjmā mocentlalique mononotzque, motecuiononotz[que,]","html":"[jve]vechan in vei tecpan, vncan oallamattia, vncan oallama, qujoalma, qujoaltocac in jpilchan in iehoatl Motecuçoma.
\nAuh in iequene vitze, in ie vitze, in ie ovalmolinjque: ce tlacatl, cempoaltecatl, itoca tlacochcalcatl, no achto canaco; in jquac qujttato tlalli, in altepetl, no oalnaoatlatotia, q͗noaloquechilitia, qujnoalotlaxilitia, qujnoallaixtlatitia, qujnoaliacan, qujnoaliacantia.
\nAuh in oacico Tecoac: intlalpan tlaxcalteca vncan onoque imotonoan. Auh in otomj iautica qujnnamjcque, chimaltica qujnnamjcque: auh in otomj in Tecoaca vel qujmjxtlatique, vel ixpoliuhque, qujnxixilque, texixilioac, qujntlequjqujzvique, qujntepuzmjvique, qujntlavitolhujque, amo çan quexqujchtin, vel ixachintin, in jxpoliuhque.
\nAuh in ontlalpoliuh tecoac, in tlaxcalteca in oconcacque in ocōmatque, in onjlhujloto, cenca mauhcaçonecque, mocuetlaxoque, cenca in tlania in maviztli, mavizcujque:
\nnjmā mocentlalique mononotzque, motecuiononotz[que,]
\n","citation_key":"citation_anderson_nahuatl_transcription","citation":{"en":["Nahuatl by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]}},{"id":"611ffce0-be0c-409e-bd29-235b4b922d8c","choice":{"en":["Nahuatl-to-English by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl-al-inglés por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]},"type":"translation","type_label":{"en":["nahuatl translation"],"es":["traducción al náhuatl"]},"column":"nahuatl","language":{"en":["English"],"es":["Inglés"]},"language_code":"eng","subtitle":"(Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982)","markdown":"his old house, the great palace. From there he traveled to, came to, moved to, visited his princely house. \n\nAnd when at last [the Spaniards] came, when already they came, when already they moved along, a man of Cempoalla called a *tlacochcalcatl*, whom they had also first come to capture when they had gone to see the land [and] the city, also interpreted for them, established the road for them, eliminated [wrong] roads for them, showed them the way, guided them along, was their guide along the way.[^1]\n\nAnd when they came to reach Tecoac,[^2] it was on Tlaxcallan land where their Otomís lived. And the Otomís met them in battle; they met them with shields. But the Otomís, the men of Tecoac, they completely annihilated. They completely destroyed them. They trampled upon them; there was trampling of them. They shot them with their guns; they shot them with iron bolts; they shot them with crossbows. Not just a few but great numbers of them were destroyed.[^3] \n\nAnd when Tecoac perished, the Tlaxcallans, when they heard of it, when they knew of it, when they were told, could not control themselves for fear. They were bereft of courage. Great wonder prevailed. They were frightened.\n\nThen they gathered themselves together; they took counsel among themselves. \n\n\n\n\n[^1]: The corresponding Spanish text reads: *”Desque los españoles partieron de la ribera de la mar para entrar la tierra dentro, tomaron a vn indio principal que llamauã Tlacochcalcatl, para que los mostrase el camino: al qual indio aujan tomado de alli de aquella proujncia los primeros naujos que vinjeron a descubrir esta tierra el qual indio el capitan don hernando cortes truxo consigo, y sabia ya de la lengua española algo. Este juntamente con marina erã interpretes de don hernãdo cortes, a este tomaron por guja de su camjno para venjr a mexico.”*\n\n\n[^2]: Tecoac: today Molino, in the northern part of the State of Puebla (personal communication, Rafael García Granados).\n\n\n[^3]: This battle lasted fourteen or fifteen days, according to Fray Francisco de Aguilar in *Relación breve de la conquista de Nueva España* (Mexico, D.F.: José Porrúa e Hijos, Sucs., 1954), pp. 33 *sqq*. Reference to important contemporary Spanish sources, like Aguilar, Díaz, Cervantes, Cortés, and others, is necessary for gauging passage of time and other points often not in the *Florentine Codex* and other Aztec accounts.","html":"his old house, the great palace. From there he traveled to, came to, moved to, visited his princely house.
\nAnd when at last [the Spaniards] came, when already they came, when already they moved along, a man of Cempoalla called a tlacochcalcatl, whom they had also first come to capture when they had gone to see the land [and] the city, also interpreted for them, established the road for them, eliminated [wrong] roads for them, showed them the way, guided them along, was their guide along the way.1
\nAnd when they came to reach Tecoac,2 it was on Tlaxcallan land where their Otomís lived. And the Otomís met them in battle; they met them with shields. But the Otomís, the men of Tecoac, they completely annihilated. They completely destroyed them. They trampled upon them; there was trampling of them. They shot them with their guns; they shot them with iron bolts; they shot them with crossbows. Not just a few but great numbers of them were destroyed.3
\nAnd when Tecoac perished, the Tlaxcallans, when they heard of it, when they knew of it, when they were told, could not control themselves for fear. They were bereft of courage. Great wonder prevailed. They were frightened.
\nThen they gathered themselves together; they took counsel among themselves.
\nThe corresponding Spanish text reads: ”Desque los españoles partieron de la ribera de la mar para entrar la tierra dentro, tomaron a vn indio principal que llamauã Tlacochcalcatl, para que los mostrase el camino: al qual indio aujan tomado de alli de aquella proujncia los primeros naujos que vinjeron a descubrir esta tierra el qual indio el capitan don hernando cortes truxo consigo, y sabia ya de la lengua española algo. Este juntamente con marina erã interpretes de don hernãdo cortes, a este tomaron por guja de su camjno para venjr a mexico.”↩
Tecoac: today Molino, in the northern part of the State of Puebla (personal communication, Rafael García Granados).↩
This battle lasted fourteen or fifteen days, according to Fray Francisco de Aguilar in Relación breve de la conquista de Nueva España (Mexico, D.F.: José Porrúa e Hijos, Sucs., 1954), pp. 33 sqq. Reference to important contemporary Spanish sources, like Aguilar, Díaz, Cervantes, Cortés, and others, is necessary for gauging passage of time and other points often not in the Florentine Codex and other Aztec accounts.↩