Diez años ante que viniesen los españoles desta tierra pareció en el cielo una cosa maravillosa y espantosa, y es que pareció una llama de fuego muy grande y muy resplandeciento. Parecía que estaba tendida en el mismo cielo. Era ancha de la parte de abaxo, y de la parte de arriba, aguda, como cuando el fuego arde. Parecía que la punta della llegaba hasta el medio del cielo. Levantábase
\n","citation_key":"citation_lopez_spanish_transcription","citation":{"en":["Spanish by López Austin & García Quintana 2000"],"es":["Español por López Austin & García Quintana 2000"]}},{"id":"314c4438-848f-49fe-b4d3-bdae53c5afcf","choice":{"en":["Spanish by Lockhart 1993"],"es":["Español por Lockhart 1993"]},"type":"transcription","type_label":{"en":["spanish transcription"],"es":["transcripción en español"]},"column":"spanish","language":{"en":["Spanish"],"es":["Español"]},"language_code":"spa","subtitle":"(Lockhart 1993)","markdown":"# Libro doze de la conquista de la nueua españa, que es la ciudad de Mexico. \n\n#### Capitulo primero de las señales y pronosticos que aparecieron antes que los Españoles veniesen a esta tierra ni vuiese noticia dellos. \n\nDiez años ante que viniesē los españoles desta[^4] tierra: parecio en el cielo, vna cosa marauillosa, y espantosa: y es que parecio vna llama de fuego, muy grande y muy resplandeciento: parecia que estaua tendida en el mismo cielo, era ancha de la parte de abaxo, y de la parte de arriba aguda, como quando el fuego arde parecia que la punta della llegaua hasta el medio del cielo, leuātauase\n\n[^4]: DESTA. For “a esta.”","html":"Diez años ante que viniesē los españoles desta1 tierra: parecio en el cielo, vna cosa marauillosa, y espantosa: y es que parecio vna llama de fuego, muy grande y muy resplandeciento: parecia que estaua tendida en el mismo cielo, era ancha de la parte de abaxo, y de la parte de arriba aguda, como quando el fuego arde parecia que la punta della llegaua hasta el medio del cielo, leuātauase
\nDESTA. For “a esta.”↩
Ten years before the Spaniards came to this1 land there appeared in the sky something marvelous and frightful. It was that a tongue of flame appeared, very large and resplendent; it seemed to be suspended in the very sky. It was wide below and pointed above; when the fire burned it seemed that the tip of it reached the middle of the sky. It would rise in the east, right after midnight, and it came out with such splendor that it seemed to be daytime; it continued until morning,
\nDESTA. For "a esta.”↩
Ten years before the arrival of the Spaniards an omen first appeared in the sky, like a flame or tongue of fire, like the light of dawn. It appeared to be throwing off [sparks] and seemed to pierce the sky. It was wide at the bottom and narrow at the top. It looked as though it reached the very middle of the sky, its very heart
\nNICĀ CHANEQUE. Possibly the intention here, as in the Spanish version, is that the Spaniards were not known by the local people. My translation is guided by the fact that nonactive verbs in Nahuatl do not specify an agent. Perhaps, however, the phrase “in nicā chaneque” is an implicit dative: “[the Spaniards] were not known [to] the people who live here.”↩
Cuando aún no venían los españoles, diez años antes, primero apareció un tetzahuitl en el cielo que estuvo chispeando, así como una espiga de fuego, así como una llama de fuego, así como la aurora. Parecía que se erguía como si estuviera punzando el cielo. Ancha del asiento, delgada de la cabeza. Bien en medio del cielo, bien se erguía su centro
\n","citation_key":"citation_alcantara_nahuatl_spa_translation","citation":{"en":["Nahuatl-to-Spanish by Alcántara Rojas and Navarrete Linares 2023"],"es":["Náhuatl-al-español por Alcántara Rojas & Navarrete Linares 2023"]}},{"id":"7b937619-783a-43e4-8d34-49bac26ab8aa","choice":{"en":["Nahuatl by Lockhart 1993"],"es":["Náhuatl por Lockhart 1993"]},"type":"transcription","type_label":{"en":["nahuatl transcription"],"es":["transcripción al náhuatl"]},"column":"nahuatl","language":{"en":["Nahuatl"],"es":["Náhuatl"]},"language_code":"nci","subtitle":"(Lockhart 1993)","markdown":"# Inic matlactetl omume amoxtli, itechpa tlatoa in quenin muchiuh iauiotl in nican ipan altepetl Mexico.\n\n#### Inic ce capitulo vncā mitoa in nez, in mottac in machiotl yoā in tetzavitl, in aiamo valhui españoles, in nican tlalli ipan, in aiamo no iximachoa in nicā chaneque.[^3]\n\nIn aiamo vallaci españoles, oc matlacxivitl, centlamātli tetzavitl achto nez, ilhuicatitech, iuhqui in tlemiiaoatl, iuhqui in tlecueçalutl, iuhquin tlavizcalli, pipixauhticaca inic necia; iuhq͗n ilhuicatl quiçoticac: tzimpatlaoac, quapitzaoac: vel inepantla in ilhuicatl; vel yiollo\n\n[^3]: NICĀ CHANEQUE. Possibly the intention here, as in the Spanish version, is that the Spaniards were not known by the local people. My translation is guided by the fact that non-active verbs in Nahuatl do not specify an agent. Perhaps, however, the phrase “in nicā chaneque” is an implicit dative: “[the Spaniards] were not known [to] the people who live here.”","html":"In aiamo vallaci españoles, oc matlacxivitl, centlamātli tetzavitl achto nez, ilhuicatitech, iuhqui in tlemiiaoatl, iuhqui in tlecueçalutl, iuhquin tlavizcalli, pipixauhticaca inic necia; iuhq͗n ilhuicatl quiçoticac: tzimpatlaoac, quapitzaoac: vel inepantla in ilhuicatl; vel yiollo
\nNICĀ CHANEQUE. Possibly the intention here, as in the Spanish version, is that the Spaniards were not known by the local people. My translation is guided by the fact that non-active verbs in Nahuatl do not specify an agent. Perhaps, however, the phrase “in nicā chaneque” is an implicit dative: “[the Spaniards] were not known [to] the people who live here.”↩
In aiamo vallaci españoles, oc matlacxivitl, centlamātli tetzavitl achto nez, ilhujcatitech, iuhquj in tlemjiaoatl, iuhquj in tlecueçalutl, iuhqujn tlavizcalli, pipixauhticaca injc necia, iuhq͗n ilhujcatl qujçoticac: tzimpatlaoac, quapitzaoac: vel inepantla in ilhujcatl; vel yiollo
\n","citation_key":"citation_anderson_nahuatl_transcription","citation":{"en":["Nahuatl by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]}},{"id":"f7746192-f962-476b-948e-48284670b232","choice":{"en":["Nahuatl-to-English by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl-al-inglés por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]},"type":"translation","type_label":{"en":["nahuatl translation"],"es":["traducción al náhuatl"]},"column":"nahuatl","language":{"en":["English"],"es":["Inglés"]},"language_code":"eng","subtitle":"(Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982)","markdown":"# Twelfth book, which telleth how war was waged here in the city of Mexico.[^1]\n\n#### First Chapter, in which it is told how there appeared, how there were seen the signs, the omens of evil, before the Spaniards had come here to this land, before they were known to the natives here.[^2]\n\nTen years before the Spaniards arrived here,[^3] an omen of evil first appeared in the heavens. It was like a tongue of fire, like a flame, like the light of dawn. It looked as if it were showering [sparks],[^4] as if it stood piercing the heavens. It was wide at the base, it was pointed at the head. To the very midst of the sky, to the very heart \n\n\n\n\n[^1]: In Book XII, especially toward the end, the reader may detect a pro-Tlatilulcan and an almost anti-Tenochtitlanian bias to the *Florentine Codex*’s account of the Conquest. Since Tlatilulco, an independent entity, had been annexed to Tenochtitlan a scant fifty years by the time of Cortés’s final success, any underlying Tlatilulcan distaste for their victorious neighbors is perhaps understandable. At any rate, the version of the Conquest in the *Florentine Codex* owes much to Tlatilulco, and so does the subsequent 1585 “Relacion de la Conquista,” in Carlos Ma. de Bustamante, ed., *La Aparicion de Ntra. Señora de Guadalupe de Mexico, Comprobada con la refutacion del argumento negativo que presenta D. Juan Bautista Muñoz, fundandose en el testimonio del P. Fr. Bernardino de Sahagun* (Mexico, D.F.: Ignacio Cumplido, 1840; hereafter referred to as Bustamante, *Aparicion*), to which we shall frequently refer for statements differing in detail from those in the *Florentine Codex*. (See esp. p. 1 of Bustamante, *Aparacion*.) \n\nBecause we treat this history of the Conquest as a native account, we call upon other sources mainly to clarify the Nahuatl text. The student of the Conquest will still need to consult such contemporary accounts as those of Cortés, Bernal Díaz, Aguilar, Cervantes de Salazar, etc., for a more complete and consistent narrative. \nOther basic sources to which we are indebted for comparable or differing versions are Bernardino de Sahagún, *Historia general de las cosas de Neuva España*, ed. Angel María Garibay K., 4 vols. (Mexico, D.F,: Editorial Porrúa, S.A., 1956; hereafter referred to as Sahagún, Garibay ed.) and Eduard Seler, *Einige Kapitel aus dem Geschichtswerk des Fray Bernardino de Sahagun aus dem Aztekischen übersetzt*, ed. Caecilie Seler-Sachs, Walter Lehmann, and Walter Krickeberg (Stuttgart: Strecker und Schroeder, 1927; hereafter referred to as Seler, *Einige Kapitel*).\n\n[^2]: The same Nahuatl text appears as Chap. 6 of Book VIII. See Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble, trans., “Kings and Lords,” *Florentine Codex, Book VIII* (Santa Fe: School of American Research and University of Utah, 1954; hereafter referred to as Anderson and Dibble, *Book VIII*). Except for variations in spelling and punctuation, the texts are identical. The corresponding Spanish text in Book VIII varies somewhat from that of Book XII. A third Nahuatl text is inserted in Book II of the *Real Palacio MS*. See “Memoriales en 3 columnas,” in Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún, *Historia de las cosas de Nueva España*, ed, Francisco del Paso y Troncoso (Madrid: Hauser y Menet, 1906; hereafter referred to as *Real Palacio MS*), Vol. VII, p. 93. Marginal notes in Sahagún’s hand read: “*Esto q̄ se sigue esta puesto en el primero capitulo del libro q̄ tracta de la guerra q̄ vbo entre los indios y los españoles”; “Este es el primero capitulo del quinto libro q̄ tracta de la guerra.*” There are three Spanish versions of the Nahuatl text by Sahagún: two in the *Florentine Codex* and the subsequent revised version as published by Bustamante in 1840.\n\n\n[^3]: Two years, in Bustamante, *Aparicion*, p. 9. Eduard Seler, in *Einige Kapitel*, p. 453, n. 1, reads: “*D. h, zwei Jahre vor der Ankunft der Spanier (eins Rohr = A. D. 1517). Die Angabe oben, dass diese Lichterscheinung zehn Jahre vor der Ankunft der Spanier gesehen worden sei, stimmt also nicht zu der Angabe hier.*” \n\n\n[^4]: Corresponding Spanish text (Book VIII): “*y que echaba de si centellas de fuego.*”","html":"Ten years before the Spaniards arrived here,3 an omen of evil first appeared in the heavens. It was like a tongue of fire, like a flame, like the light of dawn. It looked as if it were showering [sparks],4 as if it stood piercing the heavens. It was wide at the base, it was pointed at the head. To the very midst of the sky, to the very heart
\nBecause we treat this history of the Conquest as a native account, we call upon other sources mainly to clarify the Nahuatl text. The student of the Conquest will still need to consult such contemporary accounts as those of Cortés, Bernal Díaz, Aguilar, Cervantes de Salazar, etc., for a more complete and consistent narrative.\nOther basic sources to which we are indebted for comparable or differing versions are Bernardino de Sahagún, Historia general de las cosas de Neuva España, ed. Angel María Garibay K., 4 vols. (Mexico, D.F,: Editorial Porrúa, S.A., 1956; hereafter referred to as Sahagún, Garibay ed.) and Eduard Seler, Einige Kapitel aus dem Geschichtswerk des Fray Bernardino de Sahagun aus dem Aztekischen übersetzt, ed. Caecilie Seler-Sachs, Walter Lehmann, and Walter Krickeberg (Stuttgart: Strecker und Schroeder, 1927; hereafter referred to as Seler, Einige Kapitel).
\nIn Book XII, especially toward the end, the reader may detect a pro-Tlatilulcan and an almost anti-Tenochtitlanian bias to the Florentine Codex’s account of the Conquest. Since Tlatilulco, an independent entity, had been annexed to Tenochtitlan a scant fifty years by the time of Cortés’s final success, any underlying Tlatilulcan distaste for their victorious neighbors is perhaps understandable. At any rate, the version of the Conquest in the Florentine Codex owes much to Tlatilulco, and so does the subsequent 1585 “Relacion de la Conquista,” in Carlos Ma. de Bustamante, ed., La Aparicion de Ntra. Señora de Guadalupe de Mexico, Comprobada con la refutacion del argumento negativo que presenta D. Juan Bautista Muñoz, fundandose en el testimonio del P. Fr. Bernardino de Sahagun (Mexico, D.F.: Ignacio Cumplido, 1840; hereafter referred to as Bustamante, Aparicion), to which we shall frequently refer for statements differing in detail from those in the Florentine Codex. (See esp. p. 1 of Bustamante, Aparacion.)↩
The same Nahuatl text appears as Chap. 6 of Book VIII. See Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble, trans., “Kings and Lords,” Florentine Codex, Book VIII (Santa Fe: School of American Research and University of Utah, 1954; hereafter referred to as Anderson and Dibble, Book VIII). Except for variations in spelling and punctuation, the texts are identical. The corresponding Spanish text in Book VIII varies somewhat from that of Book XII. A third Nahuatl text is inserted in Book II of the Real Palacio MS. See “Memoriales en 3 columnas,” in Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún, Historia de las cosas de Nueva España, ed, Francisco del Paso y Troncoso (Madrid: Hauser y Menet, 1906; hereafter referred to as Real Palacio MS), Vol. VII, p. 93. Marginal notes in Sahagún’s hand read: “Esto q̄ se sigue esta puesto en el primero capitulo del libro q̄ tracta de la guerra q̄ vbo entre los indios y los españoles”; “Este es el primero capitulo del quinto libro q̄ tracta de la guerra.” There are three Spanish versions of the Nahuatl text by Sahagún: two in the Florentine Codex and the subsequent revised version as published by Bustamante in 1840.↩
Two years, in Bustamante, Aparicion, p. 9. Eduard Seler, in Einige Kapitel, p. 453, n. 1, reads: “D. h, zwei Jahre vor der Ankunft der Spanier (eins Rohr = A. D. 1517). Die Angabe oben, dass diese Lichterscheinung zehn Jahre vor der Ankunft der Spanier gesehen worden sei, stimmt also nicht zu der Angabe hier.”↩
Corresponding Spanish text (Book VIII): “y que echaba de si centellas de fuego.”↩
Ipan ni capitoloh ce, zaniloa ica chicome tlamantli tlen mopannextihqui huan nezqui pan ehelihuiz canahya. Ni tlamantli quimanextiyaya quitl panoz cequin tlamantli, huan melahuac panoc. Quemman peuhqui necih ni tetzahuitl pan cequin canahya, tlahuel mocuezoyayah pampa tlahuel monechcahuiyaya panoz ce tlamantli, ni quipannextiyaya ininpaxaloliz Caxtiltecameh pan ne tlalli tlen Mexco. Ahcitoh caxtiltlacameh Mexco quemman tlanqui pano nochi nopa tetzahuitl:
\nTlen nezqui pan elhuicatl, quitl quence tlicuacelotl zo cuacemalotl. Neciyaya yehyectzin huan nouhquiya temahmauhti, huan zaniloa queniuhcatzan eliyaya itlachiyaliz nopa tetzahuitl. Ica tlayohua ni tlicuacelotl amo ixpolihuiyaya, ya quitl tlahuel yehyectzin cahuaniyaya huan yeca macehualmeh tlahuel mahmahuiyayah huan cuatzahtziyayah.
\nZanmolhui peuhqui tlatla itzonpachca calli tlen campa mocahuayaya Huitzilopochtli. Tlitl quizayaya pan huapalli huan tlaquetzalli huan iuhquinon nochi tlatlac. Quemman quitequiliyayah atl nopa tlitl tlen ica ma cehui, ya quitl nimantzin lemeniyaya, nopa atl quichihuayaya ma lemeni.
\nQuihuitecqueh ichan Xiuhteuctli quemman ni amo huetziyaya atl, huan pan ni canahya axquemman huetziyaya ce tlahuitectli iuhcatzan nelchicahuac huetzi atl.
\nPan ce tonatiuh huetzqui ce tlixihuitl tlen neciyaya quence eyi citlalimeh, quemman panoc ni tlamantli, macehualmeh zan cuatzahtziyayah.
\nHuei atl tlen Mexco motlalanqui huan quiixtzaucqui nochi, ahcito quitl pan calmeh huan nopayoh huapaniyaya tlahuel chicahuac pan tlaquetzalli huan nochi tlaacalacqui.
\nIca tlayohua caquiztiyaya quenne pan elhuicatl queniuhcatzan chocayaya ce cihuatl, ica ichoquiliz quimanextiyaya ce tlamantli tlen quicuezoyaya ica ipilconehuan.
\nTlapehuanih tlen quinmaciltiyayah atotomeh, quiitzquihqueh ce huei tototl tenextic, campa nimantzin quinextilitoh Moteuczoma. Nopa tototl quihuicayaya ce tezcatl campa neciyaya tlacameh huallohuih ica tepoztli pan inincahuayoh. Ica ni tlamantli, Moteuczoma tlanahuatih ma quinhuallicacan tlachiyanih huan tetlachihuianih huan ma quiyolmelahuacan tlen pano.
\nNezqui ce tlacatl tlen quipiyaya ome itzontecon huan neciyaya tlahuel fieroh quence tecuani.
\n