{"id":"c88688d8-cfe4-4627-987c-4bd6e0e91c55","url":{"url":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/codex/codex_folio/book/3/folio/12v/","folio":"12v","book":"3"},"navigation":{"previous":{"url":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/codex/codex_folio/book/3/folio/12r/","folio":"12r","book":"3"},"next":{"url":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/codex/codex_folio/book/3/folio/13r/","folio":"13r","book":"3"},"books":[{"url":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/codex/codex_folio/book/10/","id":"277dfbfe-14e9-4f94-8c76-31fdbca7930e","bookNumber":10,"manifest":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/iiif/iiif/manifest/607973e9-6dfd-49bd-8617-f24e3b6eddc1/","volume":"3","title":{"en":["People"],"es":["De la gente"]},"subtitle":"Sobre la historia general: explica los vicios y virtudes, tanto espirituales como corporales, de todo tipo de personas."},{"url":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/codex/codex_folio/book/11/","id":"32c2e71c-4923-47f6-a128-e3c0d458cf38","bookNumber":11,"manifest":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/iiif/iiif/manifest/607973e9-6dfd-49bd-8617-f24e3b6eddc1/","volume":"3","title":{"en":["Forest, Garden, Orchard"],"es":["Bosque, jardín, vergel"]},"subtitle":"Sobre las propiedades de los animales, pájaros, peces, árboles, hierbas, flores, metales y piedras, y sobre los colores."},{"url":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/codex/codex_folio/book/12/","id":"874b2751-4db1-4d46-802a-08b6100a0637","bookNumber":12,"manifest":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/iiif/iiif/manifest/607973e9-6dfd-49bd-8617-f24e3b6eddc1/","volume":"3","title":{"en":["Conquest of Mexico"],"es":["De la conquista mexicana"]},"subtitle":{"en":["Treats of how the Spaniards conquered Mexico City."],"es":["Sobre la conquista de Nueva españa desde el Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco Punto de vista."]}},{"url":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/codex/codex_folio/book/6/","id":"76674c02-d8d2-4822-b5f2-101c57cb9535","bookNumber":6,"manifest":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/iiif/iiif/manifest/5a0f5ea6-0ab9-43e0-a863-1b296ed2bbe9/","volume":"2","title":{"en":["Rhetoric, Moral Philosophy, and Theology"],"es":["De la retórica, filosofía moral y teología"]},"subtitle":"Sobre oraciones a sus dioses, retórica, filosofía moral y teología en un mismo contexto."},{"url":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/codex/codex_folio/book/7/","id":"10216bd1-04c2-46d9-bd65-3fa717d240e7","bookNumber":7,"manifest":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/iiif/iiif/manifest/5a0f5ea6-0ab9-43e0-a863-1b296ed2bbe9/","volume":"2","title":{"en":["Astrology and Natural Philosophy"],"es":["De la astrología y filosofía natural"]},"subtitle":"Se ocupa del sol, la luna, las estrellas y el año jubilar."},{"url":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/codex/codex_folio/book/8/","id":"0ac3a9d5-1adb-442b-9fc6-151a3c8fde0a","bookNumber":8,"manifest":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/iiif/iiif/manifest/5a0f5ea6-0ab9-43e0-a863-1b296ed2bbe9/","volume":"2","title":{"en":["Kings and Lords"],"es":["De los reyes y señores"]},"subtitle":"Sobre reyes y señores, y la forma en que celebraron sus elecciones y gobernaron sus reinados."},{"url":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/codex/codex_folio/book/9/","id":"f0cf496b-9794-4dd4-b5e3-0ecf7c76b241","bookNumber":9,"manifest":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/iiif/iiif/manifest/5a0f5ea6-0ab9-43e0-a863-1b296ed2bbe9/","volume":"2","title":{"en":["Merchants"],"es":["De los mercaderes"]},"subtitle":"Sobre los comerciantes de élite de larga distancia, pochteca, que expandió el comercio, reconoció nuevas áreas por conquistar y agentes provocadores."},{"url":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/codex/codex_folio/book/1/","id":"0f2be144-2996-421f-aa4c-59c15c2b2866","bookNumber":1,"manifest":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/iiif/iiif/manifest/1a300bf7-f3e3-4546-8b8d-5a27032ea8a7/","volume":"1","title":{"en":["Gods"],"es":["De los dioses"]},"subtitle":"Se trata de dioses adorados por los nativos de esta tierra, que es Nueva España."},{"url":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/codex/codex_folio/book/2/","id":"d2172ca1-868a-448e-9fff-98786da4ccba","bookNumber":2,"manifest":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/iiif/iiif/manifest/1a300bf7-f3e3-4546-8b8d-5a27032ea8a7/","volume":"1","title":{"en":["Calendar and Festivals"],"es":["Del calendario y fiestas"]},"subtitle":"Se ocupa de las fiestas y los sacrificios con los que estos indígenas honraban a sus dioses en tiempos de infidelidad."},{"url":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/codex/codex_folio/book/3/","id":"dea94d77-3400-481b-bb11-7dd51c3cf7bd","bookNumber":3,"manifest":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/iiif/iiif/manifest/1a300bf7-f3e3-4546-8b8d-5a27032ea8a7/","volume":"1","title":{"en":["Origin of the Gods"],"es":["Del principio que tuvieron los dioses"]},"subtitle":"Sobre la creación de los dioses."},{"url":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/codex/codex_folio/book/4/","id":"7d7dfaf8-9b53-4441-a1a0-315089cc7a81","bookNumber":4,"manifest":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/iiif/iiif/manifest/1a300bf7-f3e3-4546-8b8d-5a27032ea8a7/","volume":"1","title":{"en":["Judicial Astrology or Divinatory Arts"],"es":["De la astrología judiciaria o arte adivinatoria"]},"subtitle":"Sobre la astrología del poder judicial indio o los augurios y las artes de la adivinación."},{"url":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/codex/codex_folio/book/5/","id":"a6ad625d-4b03-4fc7-a2d9-c63c6868af95","bookNumber":5,"manifest":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/iiif/iiif/manifest/1a300bf7-f3e3-4546-8b8d-5a27032ea8a7/","volume":"1","title":{"en":["Omens and Prognostications"],"es":["De los agüeros y pronósticos"]},"subtitle":"Se ocupa de predecir estos nativos hechos de pájaros, animales e insectos para predecir el futuro."}]},"iiif_urls":{"info_json":"https://media.getty.edu/iiif/image/d6c98208-9b78-432f-a047-1d9a3bd6e77b/info.json","full":"https://media.getty.edu/iiif/image/d6c98208-9b78-432f-a047-1d9a3bd6e77b/full/full/0/default.jpg","small":"https://media.getty.edu/iiif/image/d6c98208-9b78-432f-a047-1d9a3bd6e77b/full/316,/0/default.jpg","medium":"https://media.getty.edu/iiif/image/d6c98208-9b78-432f-a047-1d9a3bd6e77b/full/486,/0/default.jpg","large":"https://media.getty.edu/iiif/image/d6c98208-9b78-432f-a047-1d9a3bd6e77b/full/655,/0/default.jpg","text":"https://media.getty.edu/iiif/image/d6c98208-9b78-432f-a047-1d9a3bd6e77b/full/,246/0/default.jpg","nav":"https://media.getty.edu/iiif/image/d6c98208-9b78-432f-a047-1d9a3bd6e77b/full/,150/0/default.jpg"},"files":{"folio_pdf":"https://ch-digital-florentine-codex.s3.amazonaws.com/folio_pdf/1_213v.pdf","folio_jpg":"https://media.getty.edu/iiif/image/d6c98208-9b78-432f-a047-1d9a3bd6e77b/full/pct:16,/0/default.jpg","folio_audio":null,"volume_pdf":"https://ch-digital-florentine-codex.s3.amazonaws.com/volume_pdf/vol_1_3.pdf"},"canvas_id":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/iiif/iiif/canvas/c89d4270-d6a8-475b-991a-cd4044c6ba26/","canvas_label":{"en":["12v"]},"manifest_id":"https://dfc-be.ch.digtest.co.uk/iiif/iiif/manifest/1a300bf7-f3e3-4546-8b8d-5a27032ea8a7/","book_title":{"en":["Origin of the Gods"],"es":["Del principio que tuvieron los dioses"]},"book_subtitle":"Sobre la creación de los dioses.","book_number":"3","total_folios":84,"texts":{"spanish_col":[{"id":"07bd27bf-4bb4-4634-915e-318f961c7250","choice":{"en":["Spanish by López Austin & García Quintana 2000"],"es":["Español por López Austin & García Quintana 2000"]},"type":"transcription","type_label":{"en":["spanish transcription"],"es":["transcripción en español"]},"column":"spanish","language":{"en":["Spanish"],"es":["Español"]},"language_code":"spa","subtitle":"(López Austin & García Quintana 2000)","markdown":"#### Capítulo V de otro embuste que hizo aquel nigromántico llamado Titlacahua\n\nOtro embuste hizo el dicho Titlacahua, el cual se volvió y pareció como un indio forastero, que se llama _tohueyo_, desnudo todo el cuerpo, como solían andar aquellos de su generación, el cual andaba vendiendo axí verde, y se asentó en el mercado, delante del palacio.\n\nY el Huémac, que era señor de los tultecas en lo temporal, porque el dicho Quetzalcóatl era como sacerdote y no tenía hijos, tenía una hija muy hermosa, y por la hermosura codiciábanla y deseábanla los dichos tultecas para casarse con ella. Y el dicho Huémac no se la quiso dar a los dichos tultecas. Y la dicha hija del señor Huémac miró hacia el tiénquez y vio al dicho _tohueyo_ desnudo, y el miembro genital. Y después de lo haber visto, la dicha hija entróse en palacio y antojósele el miembro de aquel _tohueyo_, de que luego co[menzó]","html":"<h4>Capítulo V de otro embuste que hizo aquel nigromántico llamado Titlacahua</h4>\n<p>Otro embuste hizo el dicho Titlacahua, el cual se volvió y pareció como un indio forastero, que se llama <em>tohueyo</em>, desnudo todo el cuerpo, como solían andar aquellos de su generación, el cual andaba vendiendo axí verde, y se asentó en el mercado, delante del palacio.</p>\n<p>Y el Huémac, que era señor de los tultecas en lo temporal, porque el dicho Quetzalcóatl era como sacerdote y no tenía hijos, tenía una hija muy hermosa, y por la hermosura codiciábanla y deseábanla los dichos tultecas para casarse con ella. Y el dicho Huémac no se la quiso dar a los dichos tultecas. Y la dicha hija del señor Huémac miró hacia el tiénquez y vio al dicho <em>tohueyo</em> desnudo, y el miembro genital. Y después de lo haber visto, la dicha hija entróse en palacio y antojósele el miembro de aquel <em>tohueyo</em>, de que luego co[menzó]</p>\n","citation_key":"citation_lopez_spanish_transcription","citation":{"en":["Spanish by López Austin & García Quintana 2000"],"es":["Español por López Austin & García Quintana 2000"]}},{"id":"4adb5fd6-6404-4f1b-9315-ca18c51c716e","choice":{"en":["Spanish-to-English by García Garagarza 2023"],"es":["Español-al-inglés por García Garagarza 2023"]},"type":"translation","type_label":{"en":["spanish translation"],"es":["traducción al español"]},"column":"spanish","language":{"en":["English"],"es":["Inglés"]},"language_code":"eng","subtitle":"(García Garagarza 2023)","markdown":"#### Chapter five: On another trick that that necromancer called Titlacahuan played\n\nThis Titlacahuan played another trick, in which he turned into and assumed the appearance of a foreign Indian who is called a Tohueyo, with his body completely naked, just as those of his ilk used to go about; and he would go around selling green chile, and he took a seat in the marketplace, in front of the palace.\n\nAnd Huemac, who was lord of the Toltecs in the secular realm—for this Quetzalcoatl was like a priest and had no children—had a very beautiful daughter; and these Toltecs coveted and desired her because of her beauty, and they wanted to marry her. And this Huemac did not want to give her to these Toltecs. And this daughter of lord Huemac looked in the direction of the _tianquiz_ and saw this Tohueyo naked, as well as [his] genital member. And once she had seen it, this daughter went back to the palace and lusted after that Tohueyo’s member so much that","html":"<h4>Chapter five: On another trick that that necromancer called Titlacahuan played</h4>\n<p>This Titlacahuan played another trick, in which he turned into and assumed the appearance of a foreign Indian who is called a Tohueyo, with his body completely naked, just as those of his ilk used to go about; and he would go around selling green chile, and he took a seat in the marketplace, in front of the palace.</p>\n<p>And Huemac, who was lord of the Toltecs in the secular realm—for this Quetzalcoatl was like a priest and had no children—had a very beautiful daughter; and these Toltecs coveted and desired her because of her beauty, and they wanted to marry her. And this Huemac did not want to give her to these Toltecs. And this daughter of lord Huemac looked in the direction of the <em>tianquiz</em> and saw this Tohueyo naked, as well as [his] genital member. And once she had seen it, this daughter went back to the palace and lusted after that Tohueyo’s member so much that</p>\n","citation_key":"citation_garagarza","citation":{"en":["Spanish-to-English by García Garagarza 2023"],"es":["Español-al-inglés por García Garagarza 2023"]}}],"nahuatl_col":[{"id":"2d3a1bed-d965-4753-ab3c-0a60d071c867","choice":{"en":["Nahuatl by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]},"type":"transcription","type_label":{"en":["nahuatl transcription"],"es":["transcripción al náhuatl"]},"column":"nahuatl","language":{"en":["Nahuatl"],"es":["Náhuatl"]},"language_code":"nci","subtitle":"(Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982)","markdown":"[qujoalma]lacacho in tlacateculotl: \n\nauh ī patli qujmacac, quilmach iehoatl in iztac vctli, yoan quil iehoatl in teumetl ynecuio ic tlachiuhtli. \n\n\n#### Injc, macuilli Capitulo, itechpa tlatoa, in oc centlamantli tetzavitl, in quichiuh naoalli titlacaoan. \n\nAuh izcatquj oc centlamantli, in quichiuh Titlacaoa, injc tlatetzavi, ipan moquixti, ipã mixeuh Touenio, çan tlapilotinemj, chilchotl quinanamaca, onmotlalito tianquizco tecpã qujiaoac: \n\nauh injchpoch Vemac, cenca qualli, cenca mjec tlacatl in tulteca in queleviaia, in quitlania, in qujmocioaoatizquja, çan aiac quitlavelcaquili in Vemac: aiac qujmacac: \nauh in iehoatl injchpoch in Vemac oallachix in tianquizco, qujoalittac in tovenio tlapilotica. \n\nauh in oqujttac niman calac in calitic, njman ie ic mococooa, teponacivi, popo[çaoa,]","html":"<p>[qujoalma]lacacho in tlacateculotl:</p>\n<p>auh ī patli qujmacac, quilmach iehoatl in iztac vctli, yoan quil iehoatl in teumetl ynecuio ic tlachiuhtli.</p>\n<h4>Injc, macuilli Capitulo, itechpa tlatoa, in oc centlamantli tetzavitl, in quichiuh naoalli titlacaoan.</h4>\n<p>Auh izcatquj oc centlamantli, in quichiuh Titlacaoa, injc tlatetzavi, ipan moquixti, ipã mixeuh Touenio, çan tlapilotinemj, chilchotl quinanamaca, onmotlalito tianquizco tecpã qujiaoac:</p>\n<p>auh injchpoch Vemac, cenca qualli, cenca mjec tlacatl in tulteca in queleviaia, in quitlania, in qujmocioaoatizquja, çan aiac quitlavelcaquili in Vemac: aiac qujmacac:\nauh in iehoatl injchpoch in Vemac oallachix in tianquizco, qujoalittac in tovenio tlapilotica.</p>\n<p>auh in oqujttac niman calac in calitic, njman ie ic mococooa, teponacivi, popo[çaoa,]</p>\n","citation_key":"citation_anderson_nahuatl_transcription","citation":{"en":["Nahuatl by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]}},{"id":"3b6f1ba8-226b-4c50-a6d5-689fec0da8d3","choice":{"en":["Nahuatl-to-English by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl-al-inglés por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]},"type":"translation","type_label":{"en":["nahuatl translation"],"es":["traducción al náhuatl"]},"column":"nahuatl","language":{"en":["English"],"es":["Inglés"]},"language_code":"eng","subtitle":"(Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982)","markdown":"The devil had indeed tricked him.\n\nAnd the potion which [the little old man] had given him, it is told, was white pulque. And it is said that it was made of the sap of the yellow-leaved maguey.[^8]\n\n\n#### Fifth Chapter, which telleth of another portent which the sorcerer Titlacauan brought about.\n\nAnd here is still another thing which Titlacauan brought about in order to bode ill. He appeared in the form of, he represented a Huaxtec.[^1] He just walked about with [virile member] hanging; he sold green chilis. He went to sit in the market place at the palace entrance.\n\nAnd the daughter of Uemac was very fair.[^2] There were many Tolteca lords who coveted her, who asked for her, who would marry her. But to none would Uemac give his consent; he gave her to none.\n\nBut this daughter of Uemac looked out into the market place. She saw the Huaxtec with [virile member] hanging.\n\nAnd when she had seen him, then she went into the house. Thereupon she sickened. She became swollen, \n\n\n\n\n[^8]: The medicinal qualities of *teometl* are described in Dibble and Anderson, *Book XI*, p. 149.\n\n\n[^1]: The corresponding Spanish text has: &#8220;*se bolujo, y parecio, como vn yndio forastero, que se llama toueyo*&#8230; .&#8221; In Sahagún Robredo ed., Vol. III, pp. 130, 132, 140, the terms *toueyo* and *cuextécatl* are given as equivalent. See also Seler, *Einige Kapitel*, p. 274, n. 1, who refers to him throughout as a Huaxtec (*cuextecatl*).\n\n\n[^2]: Reigned A.D. 994–1070, according to Lehmann, *Geschichte der Königreiche*, p. 42. Torquemada, *Segunda parte*, p. 48, has him contemporary with Quetzalcoatl—&#8221;*aunque en lo temporal era el que governaba un Señor, llamado Huemac; en lo espiritual, y Eclesiastico este Quetzalcoatl era supremo, y como Pontifice Maximo.*&#8221; Fernando Alvarado Tezozomoc, in *Histoire des chichimèques ou des anciens rois de Tetzcuco*, ed. H. Termaux-Compans (Paris: Arthus Bertrand, 1840), Vol. I, p. 6, identifies one with the other. Désiré Charney, in *Ancient Cities of the New World*, trs. J. Gonino and H. S. Conant (New York: Harper, 1887), says the same. So does Paul Kirchoff in &#8220;Los pueblos de la historia tolteca-chichimeca,&#8221; *Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos*, Vol. IV (1940), p. 97, citing Ixtlilxochitl, *Obras históricas*, Vol. I, pp. 19–20, although the *Historia tolteca-chichimeca* makes him a child adopted by the Chichimeca (p. 79). Of Quetzalcoatl, Tezozomoc says: &#8220;*On dit qu&#8217;on lui donna le nom Huemac, parce que pour prouver que tout ce qu&#8217;il avait annoncé s&#8217;accomplirait, il imprima ses mains sur un rocher comme sur de la cire molle*.&#8221; (See Twelfth and Thirteenth Chapters, *infra*.) Citing Ixtlilxochitl, p. 1, rel. 3, Ternaux-Compans says Huemac was an astrologer and sage who led the Tolteca and wrote the *Teoamoxtli*, a work dealing with the history, genealogy, moral principles, religious beliefs and ceremonies, philosophy, astrology, agriculture, and prophecy of the times; he died aged more than 300 years (p. 6, n. 1).\n\n\nCommenting on the *Anales de Cuauhtitlan*, Seler, in *Gesammelte Abhandlungen*, Vol. III, p. 331*sq*., states that by the time of Huemac, the priestly office was occupied by a priest titled Quetzalcoatl, and separated from the civil office, held by Huemac. This passage summarizes the history of Huemac, which may also be found in Lehmann&#8217;s *Geschichte der Königreiche* or in Velásquez&#8217;s *Códice Chimalpopoca*. The text of this document, however, states that Huemac was a successor of Quetzalcoatl (see *Códice Chimalpopoca*, pp. 12 *sqq*.).","html":"<p>The devil had indeed tricked him.</p>\n<p>And the potion which [the little old man] had given him, it is told, was white pulque. And it is said that it was made of the sap of the yellow-leaved maguey.<sup class=\"footnote-ref\" id=\"fnref-1\"><a href=\"#fn-1\">1</a></sup></p>\n<h4>Fifth Chapter, which telleth of another portent which the sorcerer Titlacauan brought about.</h4>\n<p>And here is still another thing which Titlacauan brought about in order to bode ill. He appeared in the form of, he represented a Huaxtec.<sup class=\"footnote-ref\" id=\"fnref-2\"><a href=\"#fn-2\">2</a></sup> He just walked about with [virile member] hanging; he sold green chilis. He went to sit in the market place at the palace entrance.</p>\n<p>And the daughter of Uemac was very fair.<sup class=\"footnote-ref\" id=\"fnref-3\"><a href=\"#fn-3\">3</a></sup> There were many Tolteca lords who coveted her, who asked for her, who would marry her. But to none would Uemac give his consent; he gave her to none.</p>\n<p>But this daughter of Uemac looked out into the market place. She saw the Huaxtec with [virile member] hanging.</p>\n<p>And when she had seen him, then she went into the house. Thereupon she sickened. She became swollen,</p>\n<p>Commenting on the <em>Anales de Cuauhtitlan</em>, Seler, in <em>Gesammelte Abhandlungen</em>, Vol. III, p. 331<em>sq</em>., states that by the time of Huemac, the priestly office was occupied by a priest titled Quetzalcoatl, and separated from the civil office, held by Huemac. This passage summarizes the history of Huemac, which may also be found in Lehmann’s <em>Geschichte der Königreiche</em> or in Velásquez’s <em>Códice Chimalpopoca</em>. The text of this document, however, states that Huemac was a successor of Quetzalcoatl (see <em>Códice Chimalpopoca</em>, pp. 12 <em>sqq</em>.).</p>\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\n<ol>\n<li id=\"fn-1\"><p>The medicinal qualities of <em>teometl</em> are described in Dibble and Anderson, <em>Book XI</em>, p. 149.<a href=\"#fnref-1\" class=\"footnote\">&#8617;</a></p></li>\n<li id=\"fn-2\"><p>The corresponding Spanish text has: “<em>se bolujo, y parecio, como vn yndio forastero, que se llama toueyo</em>… .” In Sahagún Robredo ed., Vol. III, pp. 130, 132, 140, the terms <em>toueyo</em> and <em>cuextécatl</em> are given as equivalent. See also Seler, <em>Einige Kapitel</em>, p. 274, n. 1, who refers to him throughout as a Huaxtec (<em>cuextecatl</em>).<a href=\"#fnref-2\" class=\"footnote\">&#8617;</a></p></li>\n<li id=\"fn-3\"><p>Reigned A.D. 994–1070, according to Lehmann, <em>Geschichte der Königreiche</em>, p. 42. Torquemada, <em>Segunda parte</em>, p. 48, has him contemporary with Quetzalcoatl—”<em>aunque en lo temporal era el que governaba un Señor, llamado Huemac; en lo espiritual, y Eclesiastico este Quetzalcoatl era supremo, y como Pontifice Maximo.</em>” Fernando Alvarado Tezozomoc, in <em>Histoire des chichimèques ou des anciens rois de Tetzcuco</em>, ed. H. Termaux-Compans (Paris: Arthus Bertrand, 1840), Vol. I, p. 6, identifies one with the other. Désiré Charney, in <em>Ancient Cities of the New World</em>, trs. J. Gonino and H. S. Conant (New York: Harper, 1887), says the same. So does Paul Kirchoff in “Los pueblos de la historia tolteca-chichimeca,” <em>Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos</em>, Vol. IV (1940), p. 97, citing Ixtlilxochitl, <em>Obras históricas</em>, Vol. I, pp. 19–20, although the <em>Historia tolteca-chichimeca</em> makes him a child adopted by the Chichimeca (p. 79). Of Quetzalcoatl, Tezozomoc says: “<em>On dit qu’on lui donna le nom Huemac, parce que pour prouver que tout ce qu’il avait annoncé s’accomplirait, il imprima ses mains sur un rocher comme sur de la cire molle</em>.” (See Twelfth and Thirteenth Chapters, <em>infra</em>.) Citing Ixtlilxochitl, p. 1, rel. 3, Ternaux-Compans says Huemac was an astrologer and sage who led the Tolteca and wrote the <em>Teoamoxtli</em>, a work dealing with the history, genealogy, moral principles, religious beliefs and ceremonies, philosophy, astrology, agriculture, and prophecy of the times; he died aged more than 300 years (p. 6, n. 1).<a href=\"#fnref-3\" class=\"footnote\">&#8617;</a></p></li>\n</ol>\n</section>\n","citation_key":"citation_anderson_nahuatl_eng_translation","citation":{"en":["Nahuatl-to-English by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl-al-inglés por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]}}]},"folio":"12v"}