que es Anáhuac Xicalanco.
\nEn llegando los mercaderes a la provincia de Anáhuac Xicalanco, luego daban a los señores lo que el señor de México los enviaba, mantas ricas y mastles y huipiles y naoas. Y saludábanle de su parte. Y luego los señores o señor de la misma provincia del pueblo de Xicalanco y del pueblo de Cimatécatl y Coatzacualco, les daban grandes piedras labradas verdes y otros chalchihuites verdes, labrados, largos, y otros chalchihuites colorados, y otros que se llaman quetzalchalchíhuitl, que son esmeraldas que agora se llaman quetzalitztli, y otras esmeraldas que se llaman tlilayótic quetzalitztli, y otras piedras que se llaman xiuhchimalli; otras que se llaman quetzalichpetztli tzalayo; y también les daban caracoles colorados y avaneras coloradas, y otras avaneras amarillas, y paletas de cacao amarillas, hechas de conchas de tortugas y otras paletas también de tortugas pintadas como cuero de tigre, blanco y negro. Dábanles plumas ricas, unas que se llaman teuquéchol; otras que se llaman zacuan; otras que se llaman chalchiuhtotolin, y otras plumas de papagayos, cueros labrados de bestias fieras, como es del tigre que llaman tlatlauhqui
\n","citation_key":"citation_lopez_spanish_transcription","citation":{"en":["Spanish by López Austin & García Quintana 2000"],"es":["Español por López Austin & García Quintana 2000"]}},{"id":"409fd2f5-6724-4a0c-b6a8-84f579207abb","choice":{"en":["Spanish-to-English by García Garagarza 2023"],"es":["Español-al-inglés por García Garagarza 2023"]},"type":"translation","type_label":{"en":["spanish translation"],"es":["traducción al español"]},"column":"spanish","language":{"en":["English"],"es":["Inglés"]},"language_code":"eng","subtitle":"(García Garagarza 2023)","markdown":"which is Anahuac Xicalanco.\n\nAs soon as the merchants arrived in the province of Anahuac Xicalanco, they would promptly give the [local] lords what the lord of Mexico was sending them: rich blankets, _mastles_, _huipiles_, and skirts.[^30] And they would greet them on his behalf. And then the lords or lord of that same province—from the town of Xicalanco and from the town of Cimatecatl and from Coatzacoalco—would give them large green stones that were carved; other green _chalchihuites_ that were long and carved; other red _chalchihuites_; other [stones] that are called _quetzalchalchihuitl_, which are the emeralds now called _quetzalitztli_; other emeralds that are called _tlilayohtic quetzalitztli_; other stones called _xiuhchimalli_; and others called _quetzalichpetztli tzalayo_. And they would also give them red shells; red coral;[^31] another yellow coral; yellow cacao spoons, made of turtle shell; and other spoons also made from turtles, that were painted like a tiger[^32] skin, black and white. They would give them valuable feathers: some that are called _teoquechol_; others called _zacuan_; others called _chalchiuhtotolin_; as well as other macaw feathers and decorated skins of ferocious beasts, such as the tiger that they call _tlatlauhqui \n\n\n[^30]: “Skirts”: _naguas_.\n\n[^31]: “Coral”: _avaneras_.\n\n[^32]: “Tiger”: _tigre_; that is, a jaguar. In the sixteenth century, the Guarani word _jaguar_ was not yet used in Spanish.","html":"which is Anahuac Xicalanco.
\nAs soon as the merchants arrived in the province of Anahuac Xicalanco, they would promptly give the [local] lords what the lord of Mexico was sending them: rich blankets, mastles, huipiles, and skirts.1 And they would greet them on his behalf. And then the lords or lord of that same province—from the town of Xicalanco and from the town of Cimatecatl and from Coatzacoalco—would give them large green stones that were carved; other green chalchihuites that were long and carved; other red chalchihuites; other [stones] that are called quetzalchalchihuitl, which are the emeralds now called quetzalitztli; other emeralds that are called tlilayohtic quetzalitztli; other stones called xiuhchimalli; and others called quetzalichpetztli tzalayo. And they would also give them red shells; red coral;2 another yellow coral; yellow cacao spoons, made of turtle shell; and other spoons also made from turtles, that were painted like a tiger3 skin, black and white. They would give them valuable feathers: some that are called teoquechol; others called zacuan; others called chalchiuhtotolin; as well as other macaw feathers and decorated skins of ferocious beasts, such as the tiger that they call _tlatlauhqui
\nin ompa anaoac Xicalanco.
\nAuh in oacique puchteca, in anaoac Xicalanco: in iehoantin ompa tlatoq̄, in quipachoa altepetl anaoac: niman ie ic quinmamaca in isquich omococouh in tlaçotilmatli, in tlaçocueitl, in tlaçovipilli, in iasca Auitzotzin inic quimontlapaloa. Auh inic quioalcuepcaiotia in anaoacatlatoque, in xicalanca: in cimateca, in coatzaqualca: iehoatl in uei chalchiuitl, in ololiuhqui quiquiltic tomatic, niman ieehoatl in acatic chalchiuitl, niman ieehoatl in tlacanaoalli chalchiuitl in uel tlapaltic quetzalchalchiuitl, in ascan tiquitoa quetzalitztli, ioan tlilaiotic quetzalitztli, ioan xiuhchimalli ioan quetzalichpetztli tzalaiio, ioan tlapaltecuciztli, ioan tapachtli in uellapaltic, ioan in suchitapachtli in uel coztic, ioan aiotectli in uel coztic, ioan oceloaiotectli, ioan teuquechol, çaquan, ioan chalchiuhtotoli ioan tocihuitl, ioan tequanehoatl: iehoatl
\n","citation_key":"citation_anderson_nahuatl_transcription","citation":{"en":["Nahuatl by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]}},{"id":"cbf55746-9a36-4bd0-87ff-1725af861898","choice":{"en":["Nahuatl-to-English by Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"],"es":["Náhuatl-al-inglés por Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982"]},"type":"translation","type_label":{"en":["nahuatl translation"],"es":["traducción al náhuatl"]},"column":"nahuatl","language":{"en":["English"],"es":["Inglés"]},"language_code":"eng","subtitle":"(Anderson & Dibble 1953–1982)","markdown":"there [in the province of] Anauac Xicalanco.\n\nAnd when the merchants reached Anauac Xicalanco [and] the rulers who governed the cities of Anauac, thereupon they gave to each of them all the items of trade—the precious capes, precious skirts, precious shifts, the property of Auitzotzin, with which they greeted them. And then the rulers of Anauac, Xicalanco, Cimatlan, [and] Coatzaqualco reciprocated with the large green stones,[^8] round, green, like tomatoes; the cylindrical green stones; then the green stones cut on a bias; the well-colored precious green stone[^9] which today we call the finest emerald-green jade;[^10] and fine bottle-green jadeite,[^11] and turquoise mosaic shields; and [stones] with green pyrites in their midst;[^12] and large red sea shells, and red coral shells[^13]—the very red [ones], and flower-colored shells—the very yellow [ones], and tortoise shell cups[^14]—the very yellow [ones], and ocelot-colored tortoise shell cups; and the feathers of the red spoonbill, the troupial, and the blue honeycreeper;[^15] and yellow parrot feathers; and the skins of wild animals: this was \n\n\n\n\n[^8]: *Chalchiuitl*: “common jade of green and white color,” according to William F. Foshag: “Mineralogical Studies on Guatemalan Jade,” *Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections*, Vol. 135, No. 5 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1957), p. 8.\n\n\n[^9]: *Quetzalchalchiuitl*: “fine, green, uniformly colored jade that is found among Olmec pieces” (*loc. cit*.). “*Jade fino*,” in Sahagún (Garibay ed.), Vol. IV, p. 351.\n\n\n[^10]: *Quetzalitztli*. The Spaniards called them emeralds; see Molina, *op. cit*. It is translated as green obsidian in Sahagún, *loc. cit*. Foshag, *loc. cit*., classes it as “probably the finest quality of emerald-green jade, similar to the Chinese *fei-tsui* or imperial jade”; almost transparent, rare.\n\n\n[^11]: *Tlilayotic quetzalitztli*: in *ibid.*, pp. 8–9, suggesting “the finer qualities of the jade mineral chloromelanite … of bottle-green color, or some of the forms of diopside-jadeite … of forest-green color.” *Tlilayotic* is the color of black water, according to Sahagún, *op. cit*., p. 365. Cf. also *Florentine Codex, Book XI, fol. 207*v*.\n\n\n[^12]: *Quetzalichtli* is a species of maguey; cf. Rémi Siméon: *Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl ou mexicaine* (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1885). *Quetzalitzpetztli* might be intended, for green pyrites (*petztli*).\n\n\n[^13]: *Tapachtli*: red shells or corals, in Sahagún, *op. cit*., p. 352. Cf. also Molina, *op. cit*. In James Cooper Clark: *Codex Mendoza* (London: Waterlow and Sons, 1938), Vol. II, p. 116: *Spondylus princeps Gmelin*. Also see *Florentine Codex*, Book XI, fol. 211*v*. According to Ignacio Ancona H. and Rafael Martín del Campo, “Malacología precortesiana” (*Memoria* del Congreso Científico Mexicano, México, 1953), Vol. VII, p. 12: “Spondylus americanus o *espondilo rojo, del Golfo de México, el más abundantamente usado y* S. crassisquama *o espóndilo de color variable desde el blanco hasta el moreno rojizo, pasando por amarillo, anaranjado y violeta, procedente de las costas de Baja California.”*\n\n\n[^14]: Corresponding Spanish text: *”paletas de cacao amarillas, hechas de conchas de tortugas, y otras paletas, tambien de tortugas pintadas como cuero de tigre blanco, y negro.”*\n\n\n[^15]: *Chalchiuhtototl*:* Cyanerpes cyaneus* in Sahagún, *op. cit*., p. 332 (*ave esmeralda*). For *Cyanerpes cyaneus* (Linnaeus), Friedmann *et al., op. cit*., Pt. II, p. 235, gives blue honeycreeper.","html":"there [in the province of] Anauac Xicalanco.
\nAnd when the merchants reached Anauac Xicalanco [and] the rulers who governed the cities of Anauac, thereupon they gave to each of them all the items of trade—the precious capes, precious skirts, precious shifts, the property of Auitzotzin, with which they greeted them. And then the rulers of Anauac, Xicalanco, Cimatlan, [and] Coatzaqualco reciprocated with the large green stones,1 round, green, like tomatoes; the cylindrical green stones; then the green stones cut on a bias; the well-colored precious green stone2 which today we call the finest emerald-green jade;3 and fine bottle-green jadeite,4 and turquoise mosaic shields; and [stones] with green pyrites in their midst;5 and large red sea shells, and red coral shells6—the very red [ones], and flower-colored shells—the very yellow [ones], and tortoise shell cups7—the very yellow [ones], and ocelot-colored tortoise shell cups; and the feathers of the red spoonbill, the troupial, and the blue honeycreeper;8 and yellow parrot feathers; and the skins of wild animals: this was
\nChalchiuitl: “common jade of green and white color,” according to William F. Foshag: “Mineralogical Studies on Guatemalan Jade,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 135, No. 5 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1957), p. 8.↩
Quetzalchalchiuitl: “fine, green, uniformly colored jade that is found among Olmec pieces” (loc. cit.). “Jade fino,” in Sahagún (Garibay ed.), Vol. IV, p. 351.↩
Quetzalitztli. The Spaniards called them emeralds; see Molina, op. cit. It is translated as green obsidian in Sahagún, loc. cit. Foshag, loc. cit., classes it as “probably the finest quality of emerald-green jade, similar to the Chinese fei-tsui or imperial jade”; almost transparent, rare.↩
Tlilayotic quetzalitztli: in ibid., pp. 8–9, suggesting “the finer qualities of the jade mineral chloromelanite … of bottle-green color, or some of the forms of diopside-jadeite … of forest-green color.” Tlilayotic is the color of black water, according to Sahagún, op. cit., p. 365. Cf. also Florentine Codex, Book XI, fol. 207v*.↩
Quetzalichtli is a species of maguey; cf. Rémi Siméon: Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl ou mexicaine (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1885). Quetzalitzpetztli might be intended, for green pyrites (petztli).↩
Tapachtli: red shells or corals, in Sahagún, op. cit., p. 352. Cf. also Molina, op. cit. In James Cooper Clark: Codex Mendoza (London: Waterlow and Sons, 1938), Vol. II, p. 116: Spondylus princeps Gmelin. Also see Florentine Codex, Book XI, fol. 211v. According to Ignacio Ancona H. and Rafael Martín del Campo, “Malacología precortesiana” (Memoria del Congreso Científico Mexicano, México, 1953), Vol. VII, p. 12: “Spondylus americanus o espondilo rojo, del Golfo de México, el más abundantamente usado y S. crassisquama o espóndilo de color variable desde el blanco hasta el moreno rojizo, pasando por amarillo, anaranjado y violeta, procedente de las costas de Baja California.”↩
Corresponding Spanish text: ”paletas de cacao amarillas, hechas de conchas de tortugas, y otras paletas, tambien de tortugas pintadas como cuero de tigre blanco, y negro.”↩
Chalchiuhtototl:* Cyanerpes cyaneus* in Sahagún, op. cit., p. 332 (ave esmeralda). For Cyanerpes cyaneus (Linnaeus), Friedmann et al., op. cit., Pt. II, p. 235, gives blue honeycreeper.↩